Microencapsulation of Ruellia tuberosa L. Aqueous Root Extracts Using Chitosan-Sodium Tripolyphosphate and Their In Vitro Biological Activities

Abstract

The current study aims to perform microencapsulation of R. tuberosa L. extracts using chitosan crosslinked to sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP) as wall materials by spray drying and to analyze their in vitro biological activities. The influence of manufacturing conditions, like pH, chitosan concentration, and stirrer time, was assessed. Results showed that microcapsules prepared in pH 4 with a concentration of 0.1% (w/v) chitosan, and 90 min stirring time had 51.80% encapsulation efficiency and high in vitro biological activity. These were shown by high in vitro alpha amylase inhibition and antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 50.65 μg/mL and 123.97 μg/mL, respectively. Releases of the bioactive compounds in microcapsules of R. tuberosa L. were carried out on phosphate buffer medium pH 2.2 and pH 7.4 with times release of 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The bioactive compounds were released in pH 2.2 in 120 min at 2.48%. At pH 7.4, the active ingredients were more easily released, by 79.90% in 120 min. The microcapsules’ morphology showed a rough surface with spherical forms and the average sizes were 53.41 μm. This study supports the essential role of microencapsulation in improving plant extracts with reserved biological activities.

Microencapsulation Combination of Nigella sativa and Cosmos caudatus Kunth and In Vitro Protein Denaturation Inhibition Assay

“…If the concentration of Na-TPP is too high, this can cause the active compounds to be more challenging to diffuse out from the microcapsules [14]. The increase in the Na-TPP concentration may also cause an increase in the viscosity of the active compound dispersion system due to the production of large particles that require high stirring strength and a longer stirring time to break the particles and a perfect coating process (13). Stirring in the manufacture of microencapsulation is a reaction process for the formation of encapsulates where homogeneous stirring can help the crosslinking reaction run perfectly.…”

“…The ionic gelation method is a common method in microencapsulation, this method involves the use of polymer and crosslinker compound, like chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (Na-TPP) [13]. The principle of ionic gelation is an electrostatic interaction between the positively charged amine group of chitosan and the negatively charged Na-TPP polyanions (14).…”

Effectiveness of Using Gum Arabic for Co-Microencapsulation of Ruellia tuberosa L. and Tithonia diversifolia Extracts as Encapsulating Agent and Release Studies

“…Stirring is carried out at a speed of 100 rpm to function so that the drug released through the membrane is faster during the dissolution process. During the testing process, the temperature is maintained at 37 ± 5 °C because it describes the temperature of the human body [19][20][21]. Phosphate bufer saline (PBS) is commonly used in release tests because it mimics the physiological condition of the human body [35].…”

“…Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels. Determination of total favonoid levels was carried out using the calorimetry method [21]. Quercetin was utilized to generate standard calibration curves for the quantifcation of favonoids.…”

Microencapsulation of <i>Ruellia tuberosa</i> L. Extracts Using Alginate: Preparation, Biological Activities, and Release

“…Microencapsulation is the shielding process of small particles using a polymer. This method resulted in microcapsules with a size range of 2-2000 μm [9][10]. The primary purpose of microencapsulation is to avoid the degradation or inactivation of the active compounds due to the unstable environmental conditions [9].…”