Microemulsion fuels for compression ignition engines: A review on engine performance and emission characteristics

Abrar, Iyman; Bhaskarwar, Ashok N.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115944

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 72 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, the most significant difference between these systems is the transparency observed in microemulsions. It is important to note that the diameter of the dispersed phase particles usually does not exceed 100 nm, which is much less than the visible light wavelength [ 53 , 54 ]. As a result, the light passing the system does not interact with the dispersed phase particles and is not diffracted.…”

Section: Microemulsions: Structure Properties and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microemulsion-Based Media in Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nose-to-brain drug delivery has recently attracted enormous attention as an alternative to other delivery routes, including the most popular oral one. Due to the unique anatomical features of the nasal cavity, drugs administered intranasally can be delivered directly to the central nervous system. The most important advantage of this approach is the ability to avoid the blood–brain barrier surrounding the brain and blocking the entry of exogenous substances to the central nervous system. Moreover, selective brain targeting could possibly avoid peripheral side effects of pharmacotherapy. The challenges associated with nose-to-brain drug delivery are mostly due to the small volume of the nasal cavity and insufficient drug absorption from nasal mucosa. These issues could be minimized by using a properly designed drug carrier. Microemulsions as potential drug delivery systems offer good solubilizing properties and the ability to enhance drug permeation through biological membranes. The aim of this review is to summarize the current status of the research focused on microemulsion-based systems for nose-to-brain delivery with special attention to the most extensively investigated neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.

show abstract

Section: Microemulsions: Structure Properties and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microemulsion-Based Media in Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In engine experiments, the temperature of the emulsion fuel was kept constant at 35 °C with a thermostat. The water content in ethanol is an important problem for diesel-ethanol blends because it increases phase separation [29]. For this reason, ethanol with a purity of 99.9% was used in engine experiments.…”

Section: Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The degree of purity of ethanol is an important parameter in emulsions made with diesel. Because the higher the water content in ethanol, the easier the phase separation [29]. At the second stage, the effects of post-injection strategies were examined using pure ethanol in the engine modeled in the AVL Boost software and the simulation test results were compared with the experimental study results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of post-injection strategies of ethanol and experimental analysis of the use of ethanol in the form of dual fuel and emulsion in diesel engine

Gürbüz

Sandalcı

2021

THERM SCI

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this research, as the first stage, the effects of the ethanol on engine performance and emissions under the fumigation and emulsion method were experimentally investigated under part load and various engine speed conditions. Diesel-ethanol blend containing 5% ethanol by volume was used as the mixture fuel. In the fumigation method, ethanol was used at the same rate and 99.9% purity as the emulsion method. As the second stage, the effects of ethanol post injection on engine performance and pollutant emissions were investigated in the experimental engine modeled in AVL Boost simulation program and compared with the experimental results. Simulation post injection tests were performed separately after the main injection at 3 CA (P1) and 7 CA (P2) crank angles. In the experimental studies, NOx emission decreased with the emulsion method (E5) at low and high engine speeds. In post injection strategies, NOx emission in general increased due to improved combustion and increased in-cylinder temperature with P1 (first post injection) and P2 (second post injection) strategies. Soot emission decreased significantly with E5. This improvement in soot emissions was approximately 87% in post injection strategies.

show abstract

“…The bicontinuous microemulsions have continuous structures of both oil and water phases. These are shown schematically in Figure . They are sensitive to temperature since the curvature of the film changes at a critical point known as phase‐inversion temperature (PIT) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These microemulsions showed improved cold‐flow properties when compared to biodiesel. Recently, surfactant‐free microemulsions have been formulated, making the microemulsions an economical alternative to diesel . These surfactant‐free microemulsions use an amphi‐solvent instead of a surfactant, such as alcohol, which mainly exists at interface and acts as a co‐surfactant …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of alcohol on the properties of water‐in‐diesel microemulsion fuels

Abrar

Bhaskarwar

2020

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable alternatives to diesel, which could be directly used in the engine, without any modification. Surfactant‐free water‐in‐diesel microemulsions with 60.0–70.0% (vol/vol) diesel, 29.0–39.5% (vol/vol) butanol, and 0.5–2.0% (vol/vol) water were formulated, and their properties were compared against standard specifications of diesel fuel oil (ASTM D975). The calorific values of the microemulsion fuels (41.23–44.75 MJ/kg) were higher than the volume‐fraction weighted averages (39.20–40.75 MJ/kg). The cloud points (−0.5 to −3.5°C) were lower than expected (0°C). The specific gravities (0.825–0.831), viscosities (2.16–2.39 mm2/s), and sulfur contents (27–45 mg/kg) were also within the permissible limits. Some of the microemulsions showed improved cetane indices (cetane index up to 49.5), while the microemulsions with higher butanol percentages, for which cetane index reduced to 38, would require the use of cetane improvers. Since these microemulsions satisfied the ASTM specifications, they could be potentially used as a cleaner alternative to diesel.

show abstract

Microemulsion fuels for compression ignition engines: A review on engine performance and emission characteristics

Cited by 26 publications

References 72 publications

Microemulsion-Based Media in Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Microemulsion-Based Media in Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Modeling of post-injection strategies of ethanol and experimental analysis of the use of ethanol in the form of dual fuel and emulsion in diesel engine

Effect of alcohol on the properties of water‐in‐diesel microemulsion fuels

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About