Microelectrode Arrays and Microfabricated Devices in Electrochemical Stripping Analysis

Abstract

In this article a comprehensive overview of the developments in the field of electrochemical stripping analysis with microelectrode arrays and microfabricated devices is presented. Due to the vastness of the topic, this mini-review deals only with the use of regular microelectrode arrays. After the description of the main fabrication methodologies employed, a large part of the review is dedicated to applications, categorised by the electrode material. Microelectrode arrays have found application in several areas of electroanalytical science including clinical and environmental analysis. They have been used for the detection of heavy metals in waters, soil extracts and blood, proving to be reliable analytical devices and bringing the advantages of low-cost, simplicity of use and easy adaptability to field measurement. In many applications, limits of detection are sub-parts per billion. Finally a short section of the review discusses miniaturised potentiostats.

Investigating the concept of diffusional independence. Potential step transients at nano- and micro-electrode arrays: theory and experiment

“…Microelectrode arrays find wide application in electroanalysis due to their high current output as compared to a single microelectrode, whilst showing considerably less background/capacitative currents, as well as significantly enhanced sensitivity, in comparison to macroelectrodes. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Considerable efforts have been devoted to designing new types of arrays containing micro-/nano-electrodes in both regular and random distributions. 12,[17][18][19] A critical factor in the design/fabrication of regular microdisk arrays is the center-to-center separation, d, between nearest neighbor electrodes.…”

Gold nanoparticle-modified ultramicroelectrode arrays for biosensing: A comparative assessment

“…UMEAs exhibit a greatly enhanced mass transport and very high current densities compared with conventional microelectrodes [5]. Among the different existing configurations [6] the array based on the assembly of hundreds of ultramicroelectrodes discs operating in parallel has been extensively used for the anodic stripping voltammetric detection of heavy metals [7]. However, their use for the development of biosensors has hardly been explored [8].…”

A novel microelectrode array combining screen-printing and femtosecond laser ablation technologies: Development, characterization and application to cadmium detection

“…In the last decade, microelectrode arrays have been consequently developed in order to obtain higher current output compared to a single microelectrode [8][9][10].…”