Microcystins in groundwater wells and their accumulation in vegetable plants irrigated with contaminated waters in Saudi Arabia

Mohamed, Zainal Abidin; Shehri, Abdulrahman M. Al

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.010

Cited by 125 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…[3,4,[40][41][42][43][44]. There is also evidence that MCs may be transmitted to cultivated plants from contaminated irrigation water [140]. Another potential source of human exposure, that should not be neglected, is through dietary supplements sold as blue green algae supplements (BGAS) [141].…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

288

126

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Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

288

126

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“…Microcystin and nodularin exposure causes oxidative stress and stunted growth in plants exposed to the toxin in the rhizosphere (Gehringer et al, 2003;Lehtimaki et al, 2011), as well as inhibiting germination and seedling growth of several agricultural plants (Saqrane et al, 2008). Accumulation of microcystin and nodularin has also been shown in plants irrigated with toxincontaining water (Mohamed and Al Shehri, 2009). The aims of the present study were to identify the potential for hepatotoxin production in commonly occurring terrestrial cyanobacterial species known to associate with gymnosperms (Cycadaceae), given the evidence that lichen symbionts are capable of synthesizing microcystin (Oksanen et al, 2004;Kaasalainen et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nodularin, a cyanobacterial toxin, is synthesized in planta by symbiotic Nostoc sp.

et al. 2012

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The nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Nostoc, is a commonly occurring cyanobacterium often found in symbiotic associations. We investigated the potential of cycad cyanobacterial endosymbionts to synthesize microcystin/nodularin. Endosymbiont DNA was screened for the aminotransferase domain of the toxin biosynthesis gene clusters. Five endosymbionts carrying the gene were screened for bioactivity. Extracts of two isolates inhibited protein phosphatase 2A and were further analyzed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)/MS. Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia riedlei 65.1’ and Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia serpentina 73.1’ both contained nodularin. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) HESI-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of nodularin at 9.55±2.4 ng μg−1 chlorophyll a in Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia riedlei 65.1’ and 12.5±8.4 ng μg−1 Chl a in Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia serpentina 73.1’ extracts. Further scans indicated the presence of the rare isoform [L-Har2] nodularin, which contains l-homoarginine instead of l-arginine. Nodularin was also present at 1.34±0.74 ng ml−1 (approximately 3 pmol per g plant ww) in the methanol root extracts of M. riedlei MZ65, while the presence of [L-Har2] nodularin in the roots of M. serpentina MZ73 was suggested by HPLC HESI-MS/MS analysis. The ndaA-B and ndaF genomic regions were sequenced to confirm the presence of the hybrid polyketide/non-ribosomal gene cluster. A seven amino-acid insertion into the NdaA-C1 domain of N. spumigena NSOR10 protein was observed in all endosymbiont-derived sequences, suggesting the transfer of the nda cluster from N. spumigena to terrestrial Nostoc species. This study demonstrates the synthesis of nodularin and [L-Har2] nodularin in a non-Nodularia species and the production of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin by a symbiont in planta.

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“…Nym.) irrigated with groundwater contaminated with MC-YR (Mohamed and Al-Shehri, 2009), concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 1.2 mg g -1 fresh mass accumulated in the roots and leaves were measured. The plants did not show any morphological and physiological changes or growth inhibition.…”

Section: Accumulation Of Microcystins In Plant Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytotoxicity associated to microcystins: a review

et al. 2014

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Microcystins (MC) are the most studied toxins of cyanobacteria since they are widely distributed and account for several cases of human and animal poisoning, being potent inhibitors of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). The phosphatases PP1 and PP2A are also present in plants, which may also suffer adverse effects due to the inhibition of these enzymes. In aquatic plants, biomass reduction is usually observed after absorption of cyanotoxins, which can bioaccumulate in its tissues. In terrestrial plants, the effects caused by microcystins vary from inhibition to stimulation as the individuals develop from seedling to adult, and include reduction of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, oxidative stress, decreased photosynthetic activity and even cell apoptosis, as well as bioaccumulation in plant tissues. Thus, the irrigation of crop plants by water contaminated with microcystins is not only an economic problem but becomes a public health issue because of the possibility of food contamination, and this route of exposure requires careful monitoring by the responsible authorities.Keywords: bioaccumulation, microcystins effects, crop plants, aquatic plants. Fitotocixidade associada às microcistinas: uma revisão ResumoMicrocistinas (MC) são as toxinas de cianobactérias mais estudadas, uma vez que são amplamente distribuídas e responsáveis por vários casos de intoxicação humana e animal. São potentes inibidoras das proteínas fosfatases serina/treonina 1 (PP1) e 2A (PP2A). As fosfatases PP1 e PP2A também estão presentes em plantas, as quais podem sofrer efeitos adversos devido à inibição dessas enzimas. Em plantas aquáticas, a redução da biomassa é geralmente observada após absorção de cianotoxinas que podem bioacumular em seus tecidos. Em plantas terrestres, os efeitos causados pelas microcistinas variam de inibição ao estímulo, como no desenvolvimento de plântulas ao estádio adulto, e incluem a redução de proteínas fosfatases 1 e 2A, estresse oxidativo, diminuição da atividade fotossintética e até mesmo apoptose celular, bem como a bioacumulação em tecidos de plantas. Assim, a irrigação de plantas cultivadas com água contaminada com microcistina não é apenas um problema econômico, mas torna-se um problema de saúde pública, devido à possibilidade de contaminação dos alimento, sendo uma via de exposição que requer um monitoramento cuidadoso por parte das autoridades responsáveis.Palavras-chave: bioacumulação, efeitos de microcistinas, plantas da agricultura, plantas aquáticas.

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Microcystins in groundwater wells and their accumulation in vegetable plants irrigated with contaminated waters in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 125 publications

References 33 publications

A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins

A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins

Nodularin, a cyanobacterial toxin, is synthesized in planta by symbiotic Nostoc sp.

Phytotoxicity associated to microcystins: a review

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