Microcystins and Cyanobacterial Contaminants in the French Small-Scale Productions of Spirulina (Limnospira sp.)

Abstract

Spirulina is consumed worldwide, in the form of food or dietary supplements, for its nutritional value and health potential. However, these products may contain cyanotoxins, including hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), produced by cyanobacterial contaminants. The French spirulina market has the particularity of being supplied half-locally by approximately 180 small-scale spirulina production farms. Data about this particular production and possible contaminations with other cyanobacteria and MCs are scarce. Thus, we collected the results of MC analyses and total cyanobacteria counts, carried out between 2013 and 2021, from 95 French spirulina producers who agreed to share their data. These data consisted of MC concentrations determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using 623 dry spirulina samples and 105 samples of spirulina cultures. In addition, potentially unsafe samples of dry spirulina were further investigated through mass spectrometry, as duplicate analysis. We confirmed that the situation of the French spirulina production stayed within the safe regulatory level in terms of MC levels. On the other hand, the inventory of cyanobacterial contaminants, based on 539 count results, included 14 taxa. We present their prevalence, interannual evolution and geographical distribution. We also suggested improvements in cultivation practices to limit their propagation.

A Protein Phosphatase 2A-Based Assay to Detect Okadaic Acids and Microcystins

“…Many of these products are sold in the form of tablets, powders, or capsules. There exists a possibility for the products to be contaminated with microcystins because, in some cases, cyanobacteria are harvested from open water such as a lake [75][76][77]. The existence of MCs in food supplements containing spirulina, which were sold in the United States, was confirmed, and the Oregon Department of Agriculture, in 1997, established a safe threshold for MCs in blue-green algae supplements at 1 µg/g [78].…”