“…Lurling, 2003;Hulot et al, 2012). A number of previous studies often used living cells (Ferrao-Filho et al, 2000;Lurling, 2003;Dionisio Pires et al, 2005;da Costa et al, 2013;Pham et al, 2015a), purified MCs (Chen et al, 2005;Ortiz-Rodríguez et al, 2010;Ortiz-Rodríguez et al, 2012;Hulot et al, 2012), or cyanobacterial crude extracts (CCEs) (Pietsch et al, 2001;Dao et al, 2010;Hulot et al, 2012;Dao et al, 2013a;Pham et al, 2016;Pawlik-Skowrońska et al, 2019;Toporowska et al, 2020) in toxicity tests. In fact, water from cyanobacterial blooms contains not only MC but also a mixture of multiple 4 substances which can cause unpredictable effects on zooplankton (e.g.…”