Microcycle conidiation–A review

Hanlin, Richard T.

doi:10.1007/bf02268539

Cited by 68 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The actively wet discharged basidiospores (ABS) emitted by these fungi grow on little pedestals called basidia (Buller, 1909;Gregory, 1973). In the literature, a variety of different terms have been used for ABS: ballistospores, ballistosporic basidiospores, ballistoconidia, ballistosporic conidia, secondary ballistospores, secondary spores, or secondary conidia (Buller, 1909(Buller, -1950Buller, 1934;Taylor, 1970;Ingold, 1971;Mims and Richardson, 1990;Boekhout, 1991;Hanlin, 1994;Bauer and Oberwinkler, 1997;Kurtzman and Fell, 1998;Piepenbring et al, 1998;Nakase, 2000;Carlile et al, 2001;Ingold, 2001b;Barnett and Robinow, 2002;Davoli and Weber, 2002;Scorzetti et al, 2002;Pringle et al, 2005b).…”

Section: Actively Wet Spore Discharging Basidiomycota (Abm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions

et al. 2007

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Abstract. Biogenic aerosols play important roles in atmospheric chemistry physics, the biosphere, climate, and public health. Here, we show that fungi which actively discharge their spores with liquids into the air, in particular actively wet spore discharging Ascomycota (AAM) and actively wet spore discharging Basidiomycota (ABM), are a major source of primary biogenic aerosol particles and components. We present the first estimates for the global average emission rates of fungal spores.Measurement results and budget calculations based on investigations in Amazonia (Balbina, Brazil, July 2001) indicate that the spores of AAM and ABM may account for a large proportion of coarse particulate matter in tropical rainforest regions during the wet season (0.7-2.3 µg m −3 ). For the particle diameter range of 1-10 µm, the estimated proportions are ∼25% during day-time, ∼45% at night, and ∼35% on average. For the sugar alcohol mannitol, the budget calculations indicate that it is suitable for use as a molecular tracer for actively wet discharged basidiospores (ABS). ABM emissions seem to account for most of the atmospheric abundance of mannitol (10-68 ng m −3 ), and can explain the observed diurnal cycle (higher abundance at night). ABM emissions of hexose carbohydrates might also account for a significant proportion of glucose and fructose in air particulate matter (7-49 ng m −3 ), but the literature-derived ratios are not consistent with the observed diurnal cycle (lower abundance at night). AAM emissions appear to account for a large proportion of potassium in air particulate matter over tropical rainforest regions during the wet season (17-43 ng m −3 ), and they can also explain the observed diurnal cycle (higher abundance at night). The results of our investigations and budget calculations for tropical rainforCorrespondence to: W. Elbert (elbert@mpch-mainz.mpg.de) est aerosols are consistent with measurements performed at other locations.Based on the average abundance of mannitol reported for extratropical continental boundary layer air (∼25 ng m −3 ), we have also calculated a value of ∼17 Tg yr −1 as a first estimate for the global average emission rate of ABS over land surfaces, which is consistent with the typically observed concentrations of ABS (∼10 3 -10 4 m −3 ; ∼0.1-1 µg m −3 ). The global average atmospheric abundance and emission rate of total fungal spores, including wet and dry discharged species, are estimated to be higher by a factor of about three, i.e. ∼1 µg m −3 and ∼50 Tg yr −1 . Comparisons with estimated rates of emission and formation of other major types of organic aerosol (∼47 Tg yr −1 of anthropogenic primary organic aerosol; 12-70 Tg yr −1 of secondary organic aerosol) indicate that emissions from fungi should be taken into account as a significant global source of organic aerosol. The effects of fungal spores and related chemical components might be particularly important in tropical regions, where both physicochemical processes in the atmosphere and biological activity at the Earth's sur...

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Section: Actively Wet Spore Discharging Basidiomycota (Abm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions

et al. 2007

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“…The functional differentiation of transcription factors such as WetA seems to be derived from the transcriptional rewiring caused by variable cis-regulatory elements (75,76). The most distinct phenotype of the F. graminearum wetA deletion mutants was the significant induction of the microcycle conidiation process, in which a fungal spore produces secondary spores directly and bypasses mycelium formation (77). Although this is difficult to observe in nature, numerous fungal species within diverse taxa perform microcycle conidiation during their life cycles (77).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most distinct phenotype of the F. graminearum wetA deletion mutants was the significant induction of the microcycle conidiation process, in which a fungal spore produces secondary spores directly and bypasses mycelium formation (77). Although this is difficult to observe in nature, numerous fungal species within diverse taxa perform microcycle conidiation during their life cycles (77). Nevertheless, there is scant information on this developmental process in Fusarium.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

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WetA Is Required for Conidiogenesis and Conidium Maturation in the Ascomycete Fungus Fusarium graminearum

et al. 2014

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c Fusarium graminearum, a prominent fungal pathogen that infects major cereal crops, primarily utilizes asexual spores to spread disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying conidiogenesis in F. graminearum, we functionally characterized the F. graminearum ortholog of Aspergillus nidulans wetA, which has been shown to be involved in conidiogenesis and conidium maturation. Deletion of F. graminearum wetA did not alter mycelial growth, sexual development, or virulence, but the wetA deletion mutants produced longer conidia with fewer septa, and the conidia were sensitive to acute stresses, such as oxidative stress and heat stress. Furthermore, the survival rate of aged conidia from the F. graminearum wetA deletion mutants was reduced. The wetA deletion resulted in vigorous generation of single-celled conidia through autophagy-dependent microcycle conidiation, indicating that WetA functions to maintain conidial dormancy by suppressing microcycle conidiation in F. graminearum. Transcriptome analyses demonstrated that most of the putative conidiation-related genes are expressed constitutively and that only a few genes are specifically involved in F. graminearum conidiogenesis. The conserved and distinct roles identified for WetA in F. graminearum provide new insights into the genetics of conidiation in filamentous fungi.

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“…This characteristic has been reported for several fungal species, including Colletotrichum spp. (Anderson and Smith, 1971;Nishihara, 1975;Slade et al, 1987;Panaccione et al, 1989;Hanlin, 1994;Leandro et al, 2001) and seems to vary with the strain used as well as with the growth medium, aeration, temperature, and other culture conditions (Lingappa and Lingappa, 1969;Smith et al, 1981;Slade et al, 1987;Souza-Paccola et al, 2003;Zanette et al, 2009). For the Citrus pathogen, Colletotrichum acutatum, secondary conidia are formed just after the germination of the appressorium (Zulfiqar et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel insights into the early stages of infection by oval conidia of Colletotrichum sublineolum

Souza-Paccola

Bomfeti

Tanaka

et al. 2015

Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)

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Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum Henn. ex Sacc. & Trotter, is one of the most important sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] diseases in Brazil. This fungus exhibits conidial dimorphism, producing either falcate or oval conidia on solid and liquid media, respectively. We compared patterns of the initial infection events by these two types of conidia on sorghum leaves using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The infection events during the first 24 h were similar for both oval and falcate conidia. Globose and melanized apressoria were formed at 24 h after inoculation (hai) regardless of the conidia type.Dense mycelium and oval conidia developed from germinated falcate conidia at 32 hai. Hyphal mass displaying acervuli filled with falcate conidia and surrounded by setae, developed from germinated oval conidia at 48 hai. Oval conidia were as capable as falcate conidia of infecting sorghum leaves. The inherent ability to grow faster and the easeness with which oval conidia can be produced in vitro as compared to falcate, make the former a preferred choice for studies on the C. sublineolum-sorghum interaction. It would be instructive to further investigate the potential role of the oval conidia in epidemics.Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, anthracnose, conidial dimorphism, infection biology, secondary sporulation hara, 1975;Panaccione et al., 1989). For this species, falcate conidia are produced blastically from hyphae that do not have differentiated conidiogenous cells while oval conidia are produced directly from hyphae (Panaccione et al., 1989). Souza-Paccola et al. (2003) showed the possibility of using oval conidia of C. sublineolum for genetic and pathogenic studies, especially for isolates that fail to produce falcate conidia. Typical anthracnose symptoms were observed when oval conidia were injected into the leaf nervures and stems of sorghum in the greenhouse. Nishihara (1975) reported that inoculation of maize leaves using suspensions of oval conidia of C. graminicola isolates resulted in higher disease intensity compared to suspensions of the falcate conidia. Conversely, such a difference was not found in another study which compared these two types of conidia (Panaccione et al., 1989).Although the infection capacity for the oval conidia has been demonstrated (Souza-Paccola et al., 2003), detailed information is lacking about the formation, germination and penetration events of the oval conidia of C. sublineolum in sorghum plants as compared to falcate conidia. Therefore, this study aimed to provide novel insights into the early stages of infection of sorghum leaves by the oval conidia of C. sublineolum. Materials and Methods Falcate and oval conidia productionTwo strains of C. sublineolum, BR 204.01 and BR 85.02 were used in this study. These strains were grown

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Microcycle conidiation–A review

Cited by 68 publications

References 85 publications

Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions

Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions

WetA Is Required for Conidiogenesis and Conidium Maturation in the Ascomycete Fungus Fusarium graminearum

Novel insights into the early stages of infection by oval conidia of Colletotrichum sublineolum

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