Microcrystalline Cellulose Extracted from Native Plants as an Excipient for Solid Dosage Formulations in Drug Delivery

Viera-Herrera, Camila; Santamaría-Aguirre, Javier; Vizuete, Karla; Debut, Alexis; Whitehead, Daniel C.; Alexis, Frank

doi:10.3390/nano10050975

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Microcrystalline cellulose acts as a diluent. The flowability properties were evaluated by determining the angle of repose, LBD, TBD, Carr’s compressibility index, and HF [ 19 ]. The ACY powder was too cohesive to flow through the funnel.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Hydrophilic Polymers on the Release Rate and Pharmacokinetics of Acyclovir Tablets Obtained by Wet Granulation: In Vitro and In Vivo Assays

Venkatesh

S.N.Meyyanathan²,

Kovačević³

et al. 2022

Molecules

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This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of producing acyclovir-containing modified release matrix tablets by a wet granulation method based on the type and concentration of two pharmaceutical-grade hydrophilic matrix polymers (i.e., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), carbomers, and their combinations) commonly used in biomedical applications. The mechanical properties of the tablets and in vitro and in vivo performance were studied. The physicochemical properties of the raw materials and corresponding physical mixtures were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, showing that the hydrophilic polymers did not influence the physicochemical properties of the drug. The wet granulation process improved the flow and compression properties of the obtained granules. This method enabled the preparation of the matrix tablets of acyclovir with appropriate mechanical properties concerning hardness and friability. The drug release kinetics was governed by the type and concentration of the hydrophilic polymers composing the matrices. The study has proven that HPMC-composed tablets were superior in modified drug release properties compared to carbomer- and HPMC/carbomer-based tablets. Mathematical analysis of the release profiles, determined in a medium adjusted to pH 1.2 followed by pH 7.4, revealed that the drug released from the hydrophilic tablets followed non-Fickian first-order kinetics. An optimal HPMC-based formulation submitted to accelerated stability studies (40 °C, 75% RH) was stable for three months. A complete cross-over bioavailability study of the selected acyclovir-loaded sustained release tablets and marketed immediate-release tablets were compared in six healthy male volunteers. The extent of drug absorption from the sustained release tablets was significantly greater than that from immediate-release pills, which may improve the drug’s antiviral properties attributed to the lower elimination rate and enhanced acyclovir half-life.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Hydrophilic Polymers on the Release Rate and Pharmacokinetics of Acyclovir Tablets Obtained by Wet Granulation: In Vitro and In Vivo Assays

Venkatesh

S.N.Meyyanathan²,

Kovačević³

et al. 2022

Molecules

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“…This is because currently the sources of microcrystalline cellulose are mainly cotton or wood, which are in large demand from furniture, paper, construction, and textiles industries. 39 Nevertheless, cellulose wastes such as recycled paper, textiles, sludge could be subsequently considered as TOC raw material to greatly lower the cost. Prior to its modification using TEMPO in the aqueous state, drying of microcrystalline cellulose could be skipped to reduce the raw material cost.…”

Section: Further Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, microcrystalline cellulose is produced at a lower temperature (60–120 °C for acid hydrolysis, 25–160 °C for alkali hydrolysis) and TOC is produced by the TEMPO-mediated oxidation process under mild conditions. , Despite being less energy-intensive and thus more environmentally friendly than the production of other carbon-based adsorbents, TOC raw material (cellulose powder) currently costs more than AC and BC. This is because currently the sources of microcrystalline cellulose are mainly cotton or wood, which are in large demand from furniture, paper, construction, and textiles industries . Nevertheless, cellulose wastes such as recycled paper, textiles, and sludge could be subsequently considered as TOC raw material to greatly lower the cost.…”

Section: Further Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TEMPO-Oxidized Microcrystalline Cellulose for Rapid Adsorption of Ammonium

Ong

Liang

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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As low as 1 ppm concentration of ammonia is sufficient to pose a threat to fish cultured in the fish farm, and therefore effective ammonia removal method is necessary to minimize the ammonia concentration. In this study, cellulose, which is one of the low-cost and highly versatile green polymers, has been modified by TEMPO-mediated oxidation and first applied for ammonia removal from water. For the TEMPOoxidized cellulose of 0.78 mmol/g carboxylate group content, the adsorption capacity was measured to be 8.21 mg/g (empirically, 9.465 mg/g derived from Langmuir isotherm model) from water at pH around 7.0, which is comparable with the existing carbon-based sorbent for the reduction of ammonia. This also indicates close to 100% utilization of the carboxylate adsorption sites. In addition, equilibrium adsorption can be achieved within 5 min. The ammonium adsorption data fit the Langmuir model very well, indicating a monolayer chemical adsorption process. The adsorption performance of the material was minimally influenced by a pH range of 5.0−9.0 but substantially affected by the presence of competing ions. Despite a slight decrease in adsorption performance, the material can be regenerated and applied in a real water sample. Electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding between the introduced carboxylate groups and ammonium ions appear to be the adsorption mechanisms governing the material performance in ammonia removal. Further discussion on performance comparison, alternative modification methods, production cost, and potential usage of the postadsorption material is also included.

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“…FTIR analysis of commercial cellulose showed absorption peak at 3306 cm -1 which was due to -O-H band and absorption peak at 2872 cm -1 due to -C-H stretching vibration. The peak at 1016 cm -1 was due to C-O-C bonds in 1,4-glycosidic linkage [15]. Cellulose from SCB showed absorption peaks at 3255.84 cm -1 attributed to -O-H stretching vibration whereas in that of wheat straw shifted to 3340 cm -1 .…”

Section: Ftir Analysis Of Extracted Cellulosementioning

confidence: 95%

“…The main sharp peaks in the diffractogram was 16 º and 22 º . The peak at around 35 º showedcrystalline behavior of typical cellulose Ithat is prominent in sugarcane bagasse than wheat straw [15].Different peaks were obtained for different samples of cellulose. The four diffraction peaks obtained for cellulose from sugarcane bagasse were12 ο , 19 ο , 22 ο and 27 ο which were specific to Cellulose I β crystalline allomorph having monoclinic structure [17].…”

Section: Xrd Analysis Of Extracted Cellulosementioning

confidence: 97%

Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Agricultural Residues: Wheat Straw and Sugarcane Bagasse

Karn

Thakur

Shrestha

2022

J. Nepal Chem. Soc.

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Wheat straw and Sugarcane bagasse are agricultural as well as industrial wastes rich in lignocellulosic components that can be extracted easily and used as a renewable source of energy. The main aim of this present work was to explore the alternative source of cellulose extraction using simple, fast, and eco-friendly conditions. The process involves NaOH degradation, acid hydrolysis, and bleaching using hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent. The extracted compound was analyzed by XRD and FTIR techniques. The XRD peaks obtained were specific to cellulose Iβ which is a crystalline allomorph with a monoclinic structure. The crystallite size of cellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse was 10.51 nm which is larger than the size of cellulose obtained from wheat straw i.e 4.04 nm. Cellulose from sugarcane bagasse showed a crystallinity index of 51.84 % whereas wheat straw showed only 17.94 %. The yield was slightly higher in wheat straw than in sugarcane bagasse. FTIR analysis in sugarcane bagasse showed a characteristic peak at 3255.84 cm-1 which is shifted to 3340 cm-1 in the case of wheat straw. This peak is due to the vibration of the –OH group in both of the materials. However, both of the materials showed the vibration of the C-O-C bond at 1033 cm-1.

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Microcrystalline Cellulose Extracted from Native Plants as an Excipient for Solid Dosage Formulations in Drug Delivery

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Effect of Hydrophilic Polymers on the Release Rate and Pharmacokinetics of Acyclovir Tablets Obtained by Wet Granulation: In Vitro and In Vivo Assays

Effect of Hydrophilic Polymers on the Release Rate and Pharmacokinetics of Acyclovir Tablets Obtained by Wet Granulation: In Vitro and In Vivo Assays

TEMPO-Oxidized Microcrystalline Cellulose for Rapid Adsorption of Ammonium

Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Agricultural Residues: Wheat Straw and Sugarcane Bagasse

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