Microcrack characterization in loaded CFRP laminates using quantitative two- and three-dimensional X-ray dark-field imaging

Senck, Sascha; Scheerer, Michael; Revol, Vincent; Plank, Bernhard; Hannesschläger, Christian; Gusenbauer, Christian; Kastner, Johann

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.09.023

Cited by 50 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Such a phase/dark-field retrieval approach that incorporates dark-field effects might benefit samples from a range of fields including materials development (e.g. micro-crack detection in high-strength materials 90 ) and biomedical imaging (e.g. diagnostic imaging of the lungs 91 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray Fokker–Planck equation for paraxial imaging

Paganin

Morgan

2019

Sci Rep

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The Fokker–Planck equation can be used in a partially-coherent imaging context to model the evolution of the intensity of a paraxial x-ray wave field with propagation. This forms a natural generalisation of the transport-of-intensity equation. The x-ray Fokker–Planck equation can simultaneously account for both propagation-based phase contrast, and the diffusive effects of sample-induced small-angle x-ray scattering, when forming an x-ray image of a thin sample. Two derivations are given for the Fokker–Planck equation associated with x-ray imaging, together with a Kramers–Moyal generalisation thereof. Both equations are underpinned by the concept of unresolved speckle due to unresolved sample micro-structure. These equations may be applied to the forward problem of modelling image formation in the presence of both coherent and diffusive energy transport. They may also be used to formulate associated inverse problems of retrieving the phase shifts due to a sample placed in an x-ray beam, together with the diffusive properties of the sample. The domain of applicability for the Fokker–Planck and Kramers–Moyal equations for paraxial imaging is at least as broad as that of the transport-of-intensity equation which they generalise, hence the technique is also expected to be useful for paraxial imaging using visible light, electrons and neutrons.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray Fokker–Planck equation for paraxial imaging

Paganin

Morgan

2019

Sci Rep

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“…Current research is largely focused on the application of TLGI-XCT for medical diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases [38,39] and breast cancer [40,41] but also industrial applications such as the visualization of micro-cracks [42][43][44][45] and fiber orientation in (short-) CFRP [46][47][48][49]. For that purpose, continuous developments regarding the optimization of gratings [50,51], interferometer setup [52,53] and reconstruction methods [54,55] as well as image processing and visualization [56,57] are still necessary in order to tackle the limitations of the technology [58].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-contrast and dark-field imaging for the inspection of resin-rich areas and fiber orientation in non-crimp vacuum infusion carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers

et al. 2021

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In this work, we present a multimodal approach to three-dimensionally quantify and visualize fiber orientation and resin-rich areas in carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers manufactured by vacuum infusion. Three complementary image modalities were acquired by Talbot–Lau grating interferometer (TLGI) X-ray microcomputed tomography (XCT). Compared to absorption contrast (AC), TLGI-XCT provides enhanced contrast between polymer matrix and carbon fibers at lower spatial resolutions in the form of differential phase contrast (DPC) and dark-field contrast (DFC). Consequently, relatively thin layers of resin, effectively indiscernible from image noise in AC data, are distinguishable. In addition to the assessment of fiber orientation, the combination of DPC and DFC facilitates the quantification of resin-rich areas, e.g., in gaps between fiber layers or at binder yarn collimation sites. We found that resin-rich areas between fiber layers are predominantly developed in regions characterized by a pronounced curvature. In contrast, in-layer resin-rich areas are mainly caused by the collimation of fibers by binder yarn. Furthermore, void volume around two adjacent 90°-oriented fiber layers is increased by roughly 20% compared to a random distribution over the whole specimen.

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“…Non-destructive methods are an effective tool to detect and control the damage evolution before failure caused by manufacturing defects or fatigue loading. To monitor the damage state in polymer matrix laminated structures, many characterization techniques are available nowadays, but the most widely used techniques are ultrasonic C-scan [ 36 , 39 ], X-ray radiography [ 33 , 40 , 41 , 42 ], acoustic emission [ 43 , 44 ], ultrasonic testing [ 45 , 46 ], infrared thermography (IRT) [ 47 , 48 , 49 ] and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) [ 26 , 37 , 50 , 51 ]. The non-destructive techniques also help us to develop and validate damage progression models used to predict the damage occurring prior to failure [ 27 , 28 , 52 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental and Numerical Investigation to Characterize an Aerospace Composite Material with Open-Hole Using Non-Destructive Techniques

Feito

Calvo

Belda

et al. 2020

Sensors

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In this study, the open-hole quasi-static tensile and fatigue loading behavior of a multidirectional CFRP thick laminate, representative of laminates used in the aerospace industry, is studied. Non-destructive techniques such as infrared thermographic (IRT) and digital image correlation (DIC) are used to analyze the behavior of this material. We aim at characterizing the influence of the manufacturing defects and the stress concentrator through the temperature variation and strain distribution during fatigue and quasi-static tests. On the one hand, the fatigue specimens were tested in two main perpendicular directions of the laminate. The results revealed that manufacturing defects such as fiber waviness can have a major impact than open-hole stress concentrator on raising the material temperature and causing fracture. In addition, the number of plies with fibers oriented in the load direction can drastically reduce the temperature increment in the laminate. On the other hand, the quasi-static tensile tests showed that the strain distribution around the hole is able to predict the crack initiation and progression in the external plies. Finally, the experimental quasi-static tests were numerically simulated using the finite element method showing good agreement between the numerical and experimental results.

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Microcrack characterization in loaded CFRP laminates using quantitative two- and three-dimensional X-ray dark-field imaging

Cited by 50 publications

References 26 publications

X-ray Fokker–Planck equation for paraxial imaging

X-ray Fokker–Planck equation for paraxial imaging

Phase-contrast and dark-field imaging for the inspection of resin-rich areas and fiber orientation in non-crimp vacuum infusion carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers

An Experimental and Numerical Investigation to Characterize an Aerospace Composite Material with Open-Hole Using Non-Destructive Techniques

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