Microcirculation, endothelium and glycocalyx changes associated with the use of milrinone in children with septic shock

Abstract

Background The goal of fluid resuscitation and the use of inotropes in septic shock has traditionally focused on improving blood pressure and cardiac output, without considering the microcirculatory changes. Reaching macrocirculatory goals but with persistent microcirculatory abnormalities (hemodynamic incoherence) in septic shock has been associated with greater organ dysfunction and mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microcirculation (flow and capillary density) and endothelial glycocalyx changes associated with the use of milrinone in children with septic shock, as well as their relationship with clinical variables and organ dysfunction. Methods A prospective cohort study from February 2022 to January 2023 at a university hospital (Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología). Sublingual video microscopy was used to evaluate capillary density, microvascular flow rates and perfused boundary region (PBR—inverse parameter of glycocalyx thickness—abnormal if >2.0 microns). The primary outcome was the association between microcirculation and endothelial glycocalyx changes related to the use of milrinone. Results A total of 140 children with a median age of two years [interquartile range (IQR) 0.58–12.1] were included. About 57.9% (81/140) of the patients received milrinone infusions. Twenty-four hours after receiving milrinone, the patients maintained functional capillary density (P<0.01) and capillary recruitment capacity (P=0.04) with no changes in capillary blood volume versus those who did not receive milrinone. Children under two years old who received milrinone had better 4–6-micron capillary density than older children [odds ratio (OR) 0.33; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.12–0.89; P=0.02] and less endothelial glycocalyx degradation [adjusted OR (aOR) 0.34 95% CI: 0.11–0.99; P=0.04]. These changes persisted despite elevated ferritin (aOR 0.41; 95% CI: 0.18–0.93; P=0.03). Prolonged capillary refill and elevated lactate were correlated with microcirculation changes in both groups. The patients who died had the highest PBR levels (P=0.04). Conclusions Children with septic shock who receive milrinone infusions have microcirculation changes compared with those who do not receive them. The group that received milrinone was found to maintain functional capillary density and capillary recruitment capacity and have less endothelial glycocalyx degradation 24 hours after administration. These changes were present despite the inflammatory response and were more significant in those under two years of age.