Microchimerism of presumed fetal origin in thyroid specimens from women: a case-control study

Srivatsa, Bharath; Srivatsa, Sumathi; Johnson, Kirby L.; Samura, Osamu; Lee, Stephanie L.; Bianchi, Diana W.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)07099-4

Cited by 246 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…After delivery, the frequency of fetal microchimeric cells in the circulation rapidly decreases within 40 days (1). Multiple studies demonstrate that in a subset of women, fetal cells can persist for decades in blood (2) and specific organs (7,10,12,13,15). In this systematic review, we observed that a history of a fetal loss was associated with the persistence of microchimeric cells in clinically affected tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Cases and controls from the selected studies were assessed for our inclusion/exclusion criteria. Eleven of 35 studies had subjects meeting the inclusion criteria (7,(11)(12)(13)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Individual data from 124 of 447 study subjects were extracted from these 11 studies and analyzed (Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies are based on the hypothesis that persistent, semiallogenic fetal cells trigger a maternal immune reaction resulting in what appears to be an autoimmune disorder. However, since microchimeric cells were found in tissues from patients with nonautoimmune diseases (12,13), it is possible that these cells participate in the response to tissue injury, or that they are unrelated to the disease process and are therefore a consequence rather than a cause of the disease. In some studies, microchimeric fetal cells were demonstrated in the same proportions of control subjects and individuals with disease (6,9).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The influence of fetal loss on the presence of fetal cell microchimerism: A systematic review

Khosrotehrani¹,

Johnson²,

Lau³

et al. 2003

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. Fetal cells enter the maternal circulation during most pregnancies. Their persistence for years occurs in only some women and has been associated with several autoimmune diseases such as systemic sclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether pregnancy history influences the persistence of fetal microchimeric cells.Methods. We reviewed all reports of studies on fetal cell microchimerism, defined as male DNA in maternal tissue, that describe individual pregnancy histories, disease diagnoses, and microchimerism status. The total numbers of pregnancies, births, and sons, the history of fetal loss (spontaneous abortion and elective termination), and the presence of a maternal autoimmune disease were tested as factors potentially associated with persistent microchimerism.Results. One hundred twenty-four subjects from 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. Only fetal loss was significantly associated with the presence of microchimerism (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2-6.0).Conclusion. These results suggest that fetomaternal cell trafficking following fetal loss may be important for the engraftment of microchimeric cells in maternal tissue. This may be due to an increased amount of fetomaternal transfusion or to transfer of a cell type that is more likely to engraft. We recommend that investigators in future studies on microchimerism report detailed pregnancy information, since these data are critical for the understanding of factors that influence the development of fetal cell microchimerism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of fetal loss on the presence of fetal cell microchimerism: A systematic review

Khosrotehrani¹,

Johnson²,

Lau³

et al. 2003

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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“…Increased fetus-to-mother cell transfer has been observed in several disorders 57,58 , including scleroderma 59 , systemic sclerosis 60 , polymorphic eruption of pregnancy 61 , thyroid disease 62 and pre-eclampsia [63][64][65][66] . Although an increased number of fetal erythroblasts 63,64 , fetal cells 65 and fetal DNA 66 in the maternal circulation have been reported in patients with pre-eclampsia, the frequency of mother-to-fetus cell transfer in this pregnancy complication has not been examined in detail.…”

Section: Journal Of Maternal-fetal and Neonatal Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Neonates born to pre-eclamptic mothers have a higher percentage of natural killer cells (CD3 - /CD56+16+) in umbilical cord blood than those without pre-eclampsia

White

Ahlstrand²

2003

DJMF

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Objective: Maternal endothelial dysfunction and intravascular inflammation have been implicated in the mechanisms of disease responsible for the clinical syndrome of pre-eclampsia. Recently, the activation of the innate limb of the immune response (neutrophils and monocytes) in the fetal circulation has been reported in neonates born to mothers with pre-eclampsia. Natural killer (NK) cells are identified morphologically as a subpopulation of lymphocytes, but functionally as one component of the innate immune system. NK cells participate in the control of viral or bacterial infection, regulation of hematopoiesis, production of cytokines and cytotoxicity of neoplastic cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that the innate system is required for mounting an adequate adaptive response. NK cells, originally defined as effector cells of the innate immune system, may also play a role as regulatory cells for the adaptive immune system. This study was designed to determine the proportion of the NK cell subset of lymphocytes in umbilical cord blood of neonates born to mothers with and without pre-eclampsia. Methods: A cross-sectional study including neonates of mothers with (n = 48) and those without pre-eclampsia (control group) (n = 72) was conducted. Pre-eclampsia was diagnosed in the presence of hypertension and proteinuria. The control group consisted of neonates (premature and term) with no evidence of acute inflammation within the extraplacental membranes (chorioamnionitis). Umbilical cord blood was collected at the time of delivery, and assayed using monoclonal antibodies for selective cluster differentiation (CD) antigens in order to determine the proportion of NK cells as a percentage of total lymphocytes. The immunophenotypic characteristic was determined using flow cytometry, and NK cells were identified by positivity of CD16 and CD56 without CD3 (CD3-/CD56+16+). Log transformation of the percentage of NK cells was performed. Parametric statistics were used for analysis. Multiple regression analysis was utilized to examine the contribution of potentially confounding factors on the proportion of NK cells. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Neonates born to mothers with pre-eclampsia had a significantly higher percentage of NK cells (CD3-/CD56+16+) than those in the control group (pre-eclampsia, mean ± SD 17 ± 9% vs. control, mean ± SD 12 ± 7.5%; p = 0.001). Multiple regression analysis suggested that umbilical cord blood pH of < 7.2, labor with vaginal delivery and maternal pre-eclampsia were associated with an increased percentage of NK cells in umbilical cord blood. Conclusions: Pre-eclampsia is associated with a higher NK cell (CD3-/CD56+16+) subset of lymphocytes in umbilical cord blood than in the control group. This difference cannot be explained by fetal acidosis or the presence of labor.

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“…Positive results correlated with women who had sons, and an increased frequency of microchimerism was found in DNA extracted from thyroids affected by Hashimoto's disease compared with nodular goiter. Another study used carefully conducted FISH to identify male cells (28). Male cells were found significantly more often in diseased than in disease-free thyroid specimens.…”

Section: Fetal Microchimerism In Other Autoimmune Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy and microchimerism in autoimmune disease: Protector or insurgent?

Nelson¹

2002

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Microchimerism of presumed fetal origin in thyroid specimens from women: a case-control study

Cited by 246 publications

References 20 publications

The influence of fetal loss on the presence of fetal cell microchimerism: A systematic review

The influence of fetal loss on the presence of fetal cell microchimerism: A systematic review

Neonates born to pre-eclamptic mothers have a higher percentage of natural killer cells (CD3 - /CD56+16+) in umbilical cord blood than those without pre-eclampsia

Pregnancy and microchimerism in autoimmune disease: Protector or insurgent?

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