Microchemical systems for continuous-flow synthesis

Abstract

Microchemical systems have evolved rapidly over the last decade with extensive chemistry applications. Such systems enable discovery and development of synthetic routes while simultaneously providing increased understanding of underlying pathways and kinetics. We review basic trends and aspects of microsystems as they relate to continuous-flow microchemical synthesis. Key literature reviews are summarized and principles governing different microchemical operations discussed. Current trends and limitations of microfabrication, micromixing, chemical synthesis in microreactors, continuous-flow separations, multi-step synthesis, and integration of analytics are delineated. We conclude by summarizing the major challenges and outlook related to these topics.

Design and additive manufacture for flow chemistry

“…20 The selection of material is based on the chemistry required, the operating conditions for the reaction, as well as the ease of manufacture of the part. There are a wide range of different commercial and academic manufacturing procedures used to produce these microfluidic devices.…”

“…These devices have evolved from relatively simplistic channel networks used for basic chemical processes, right through to complex designs for use in multi-step syntheses. 20 This development has been driven by the need to develop efficient mixing technologies, as well as the ability to cope with highly exothermic and potentially explosive processes. 28 These microfluidic devices have been shown to enhance product selectivity, reaction yields, as well as making considerable steps in the field of reaction optimisation and automation.…”

Synthesis, Functionalization, and Design of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications

“…[187] Metal microchannels can be created through mechanical micromachining, stamping, and Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung (LIGA) techniques. [188] Such microchannels can sustain high pressure and temperature, but are vulnerable to strong acids. [189] Adv.…”

“…2017, 6, 1700306 [190] b) Reproduced with permission. [188] Copyright 2009, RSC. c) Reproduced with permission.…”

Beyond Organometallic Flow Chemistry: The Principles Behind the Use of Continuous-Flow Reactors for Synthesis

“…Alternatively, extractions and distillations can be carried out by employing membrane technology based on the utilization of capillary forces. 173,174 Consequently, microfluidic extractions, 52,[175][176][177][178][179][180] distillations, 181 and even simulated moving beds 182,183 have been developed and used in combination with microreactors to enable a continuous purification of the reaction stream.…”