Microborings and Microbial Endoliths: Geological Implications

New insights into Lithocodium aggregatum Elliott 1956 and Bacinella irregularis Radoičić 1959 (Late Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous): two ulvophycean green algae (?Order Ulotrichales) with a heteromorphic life cycle (epilithic/euendolithic)

“…Algae that live inside other living algae, either actively boring into the tissue or just as cryptoendoliths inside existing internal structures, are called endophyts independently of the net impact of this association (i.e., beneWcial or harming) (e.g., Correa 1994). For the observed boring structures, a maximum width of 0.1 mm is considered as the boundary between microborings and macroborings (e.g., GolubiT et al 1975;Glaub 1994;Wisshak 2006;Glaub et al 2007). Empty boring structures are here treated ichnotaxonomically independently of whether it is known or unknown what produced them (e.g., Schmidt 1992; Glaub 1994;Bertling et al 2006;Glaub et al 2007).…”

“…For the observed boring structures, a maximum width of 0.1 mm is considered as the boundary between microborings and macroborings (e.g., GolubiT et al 1975;Glaub 1994;Wisshak 2006;Glaub et al 2007). Empty boring structures are here treated ichnotaxonomically independently of whether it is known or unknown what produced them (e.g., Schmidt 1992; Glaub 1994;Bertling et al 2006;Glaub et al 2007). It should be noted that the ichnotaxonomic concept represents a pure morphological approach so that diVerent ichnospecies of the same ichnotaxon may be assigned to totally diVerent biogenic groups as producers.…”

Reef Bioerosion: Agents and Processes

“…Bioerosion by modern macroboring invertebrates has been reviewed by Hutchings (1986) and their fossil traces by Wilson (2007). Boreholes of macroborers are relatively easy to identify at the taxa level, because they fossilized well, like microborer boreholes, and thus, are also used in paleoecological studies (Bromley and D'Alessandro 1990;Tapanila et al 2004;Glaub et al 2007). As for the boring bivalves, their taxonomy and the description of their boreholes have been given by Evans (1970) and Warme (1975).…”

Features of Intertidal Bioerosion and Bioconstruction on Limestone Coasts of Langkawi Islands, Malaysia

“…Several microorganisms, mostly cyanobacteria, but also bacteria, algae and marine fungi are known to attack limestone substrates and produce identifiable scars (Glaub et al 2007). Various traces created by microbes are on microscopic scale thus beyond the scope of this paper.…”