Abstract:– A Study on the predominant cultivable microorganisms inhabiting gingival crevices affected with a chronic gingivitis was carried out using the roll tube culture technique. Samples were obtained from nine individuals 25–42 years of age. Gram‐positive rods made up 26.1% of the isolates and included mainly Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces israelii, and Actinomyces viscosus. Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis together made up 26.8% of the cultivable organisms. Feptostreptococcus averaged 3.0% of t… Show more
“…Products containing these agents have been shown to have anti-gingivitis properties (Saxton and van der Ouderaa, 1989;Stephen et al, 1990;Svatun et al, 1990;Gjermo and Saxton, 1991) and to reduce the selection of obligately anaerobic bacteria during an experimental gingivitis study . The data presented here support these findings by showing that combinations of zinc citrate and Triclosan are particularly inhibitory to the Gram-negative species that increase in proportion in plaque during the development of gingivitis (Slots et al, 1978;Savitt and Socransky, 1984;Moore et al, 1987). In particular, F. nucleatum and P. intermedia have been reported to be among the Gramnegative species that increase significantly in gingivitis, and these were some ofthe most sensitive species in both the dosing and pulsing studies.…”
A mixed-culture chemostat system has been used as a more stringent laboratory system for evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of Triclosan and zinc citrate. The inhibitors were added alone, and in combination, as a pulse (a high initial inhibitor concentration which decreased with time) or as a dose (concentration of inhibitor increased with time) to give maximum concentrations of 34.5 mumol/L Triclosan and 39.8 mumol/L zinc citrate. When dosed, Triclosan inhibited A. viscosus and all five Gram-negative species, whereas zinc citrate had less effect, probably due to complexation by media components. Similar effects were seen when Triclosan was pulsed, except that S. mutans was the most sensitive Gram-positive species and V. dispar was unaffected. However, when the inhibitors were dosed or pulsed in combination, marked complementary and additive inhibitory effects were observed, particularly against Gram-negative species, although S. gordonii and S. oralis were relatively unaffected. The data confirm that increased effects can be obtained with suitable combinations of antimicrobial agents and suggest that, under certain conditions, apparently broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents may be acting more selectively than hitherto suspected.
“…Products containing these agents have been shown to have anti-gingivitis properties (Saxton and van der Ouderaa, 1989;Stephen et al, 1990;Svatun et al, 1990;Gjermo and Saxton, 1991) and to reduce the selection of obligately anaerobic bacteria during an experimental gingivitis study . The data presented here support these findings by showing that combinations of zinc citrate and Triclosan are particularly inhibitory to the Gram-negative species that increase in proportion in plaque during the development of gingivitis (Slots et al, 1978;Savitt and Socransky, 1984;Moore et al, 1987). In particular, F. nucleatum and P. intermedia have been reported to be among the Gramnegative species that increase significantly in gingivitis, and these were some ofthe most sensitive species in both the dosing and pulsing studies.…”
A mixed-culture chemostat system has been used as a more stringent laboratory system for evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of Triclosan and zinc citrate. The inhibitors were added alone, and in combination, as a pulse (a high initial inhibitor concentration which decreased with time) or as a dose (concentration of inhibitor increased with time) to give maximum concentrations of 34.5 mumol/L Triclosan and 39.8 mumol/L zinc citrate. When dosed, Triclosan inhibited A. viscosus and all five Gram-negative species, whereas zinc citrate had less effect, probably due to complexation by media components. Similar effects were seen when Triclosan was pulsed, except that S. mutans was the most sensitive Gram-positive species and V. dispar was unaffected. However, when the inhibitors were dosed or pulsed in combination, marked complementary and additive inhibitory effects were observed, particularly against Gram-negative species, although S. gordonii and S. oralis were relatively unaffected. The data confirm that increased effects can be obtained with suitable combinations of antimicrobial agents and suggest that, under certain conditions, apparently broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents may be acting more selectively than hitherto suspected.
“…Both of these bacteria were reported to be associated with chronic gingivitis in adults. 13,14 The initiation of gingivitis by maturing dental plaque is characterized by a proportional increase in Actinomyces sp. relative to Streptococcus sp.…”
In a well-matched twin cohort, tooth and tongue brushing plus flossing significantly decreased the abundance of microbial species associated with periodontal disease and dental caries after a 2-week program.
“…There is a
vast literature in periodontal microbiology based on these species. Other
studies using anaerobic microbiology to characterize periodontitis that improve
our understanding of the cultivable microbiota, include those of Slots [40–42], Zambon [43], and most
notably those of Holdeman and Moore [14]. Further culture of the related infections, pericoronitis [44], dentoalveolar abscesses [45] and endodontic infections [46] Wade’s group expand periodontal species and
their role in oral infections.…”
Background
Anaerobic culture has been critical in our understanding of the oral
microbiotas.
Highlight
Studies in advanced periodontitis in the 1970’s revealed
microbial complexes that associated with different clinical presentations.
Taxonomy studies identified species newly-observed in periodontitis as
Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans,
Campylobacter (Wolinella) rectus and other
Campylobacter species, and Tannerella
(Bacteroides) forsythia. Anaerobic culture of initial
periodontitis showed overlap in the microbiota with gingivitis, and added
Selenomonas noxia and Filifactor
alocis as putative periodontal pathogens. Porphyromonas
gingivalis and T. forsythia were found to be
associated with initial periodontitis in adults. The dominant microbiota of
dental caries differs from that of periodontitis. The major cariogenic
species are acidogenic and acid tolerant species particularly
Streptococcus mutans, and
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
species. Anaerobic culture of severe early childhood caries revealed a
widely diverse microbiota, comparable to that observed using cloning and
sequencing. The PCR-based cloning approach, however, underestimated
Actinobacteria compared with culture. Only a subset of the caries-associated
microbiota was acid tolerant, with different segments of the microbiota
cultured on blood agar compared to a low pH acid agar. While the major
caries-associated species was S. mutans, a new species,
Scardovia wiggsiae, was significantly associated with
early childhood caries. Higher counts of S. wiggsiae were
also observed in initial white spot carious lesions in adolescents.
Conclusion
In periodontitis and dental caries, anaerobic culture studies of
advanced disease provided a comprehensive analysis of the microbiota of
these infections. Anaerobic culture highlighted the limitation of PCR with
standard primers that underestimate detection of Actinobacteria.
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