Microbiota in obesity: interactions with enteroendocrine, immune and central nervous systems

Abstract

Western diets, with high consumption of simple sugars and saturated fats, contribute to the rise in the prevalence of obesity. It now seems clear that high-fat diets cause obesity, at least in part, by modifying the composition and function of the microorganisms that colonize in the gastrointestinal tract, the microbiota. The exact pathways by which intestinal microbiota contribute to obesity remain largely unknown. High-fat diet-induced alterations in intestinal microbiota have been suggested to increase energy extraction, intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation while decreasing the capability to generate obesity-suppressing short-chain fatty acids. Moreover, by increasing systemic inflammation, microglial activation and affecting vagal nerve activity, 'obese microbiota' indirectly influence hypothalamic gene expression and promote overeating. Because the potential of intestinal microbiota to induce obesity has been recognized, multiple ways to modify its composition and function are being investigated to provide novel preventive and therapeutic strategies against diet-induced obesity.

High‐fat diet‐induced dysbiosis mediates MCP‐1/CCR2 axis‐dependent M2 macrophage polarization and promotes intestinal adenoma‐adenocarcinoma sequence

“…However, it is controversial whether HFD can reduce the level of SCFAs. It is reported that HFD increased the content of acetic acid, which is contrary to the results of other studies . The observed results highlighted that the production of SCFAs was inextricably linked to gut microbiota, and high fibre diet may have certain preventive effect on the occurrence of CRC …”

“…It is reported that HFD increased the content of acetic acid, 49 which is contrary to the results of other studies. 13,50,51 The observed results highlighted that the production of SCFAs was inextricably linked to gut microbiota, and high fibre diet may have certain preventive effect on the occurrence of CRC. 47 Chemokines are structurally divided into CC, CXC, CX3C and C chemokines, and are well known for the ability to induce migration or chemotaxis of immune cells and involved in the pathogenesis cancers.…”

Engineered butyrate-producing bacteria prevents high fat diet-induced obesity in mice

“…Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by long-term metabolic disorders and increases the risk of other diseases [1]. Microbiota-derived BA decreases the weights of mice with HFD induced obesity by weakening the activity of epithelial HDAC3 [40].…”

The Two-Way Polyphenols-Microbiota Interactions and Their Effects on Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases

“…Polyphenols have been compared to prebiotics, since by definition prebiotics are non-digestible polysaccharides. After metabolism by gut microbiota, these polysaccharides modulate the composition and/or function of the microbiota, providing a beneficial physiological effect on the host (14,91). Polyphenols may protect against diet-induced obesity, although their effects on food intake are controversial.…”

“…Polyphenols may protect against diet-induced obesity, although their effects on food intake are controversial. Possibly, polyphenols increase the secretion of mucin and remove reactive oxygen species (ROS), creating a beneficial environment for the bloom of the anaerobic Akkermansia muciniphila, and ameliorating metabolic endotoxemia (91). Resveratrol exerts effects on intestinal barrier function and integrity.…”