Microbiota‐derived extracellular vesicles and metabolic syndrome

Abstract

Aim Metabolic syndrome is a major health problem concerning approximately 25% of worldwide population. Metabolic syndrome regroups a cluster of five metabolic abnormalities predisposing to Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Dysbiotic gut microbiota is accompanied by an increase of both intestinal permeability and pathogen‐associated molecular patterns translocation into blood circulation to induce metabolic endotoxemia responsible for the low‐grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome. Among pathogen‐associated molecular patterns, bacterial extracellular vesicles are gaining growing attention. The latter are produced by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and are vectors of communication between gut microbiota and its host The present review brings evidence to the importance of the control of the balance between the different subsets of gut microbiota in the development of metabolic diseases including metabolic syndrome. Results The ability of bacteria, including gut bacteria, to release extracellular vesicles implicated in host metabolic homeostasis is highlighted with their plethora of actions on intestinal barrier, inflammation and insulin resistance. Conclusion Bacterial extracellular vesicles can be considered as key players in the pathophysiological of metabolic diseases and may represent an interesting strategy for specific manipulations of microbiome for promoting host health.

Polyphenols and Polysaccharides from Morus alba L. Fruit Attenuate High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome Modifying the Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Profile

“…Gut microbiota, a complicated ecosystem consisting of 10–100 trillion microorganisms from more than 1000 species, serves an essential role in human homeostasis [ 8 ]. Dysbacteriosis is related to multiple diseases, and the imbalance may be a consequence of symbiotic flora deficiencies, diversity reduction of normal symbiotic flora, and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria [ 9 ].…”

Extracellular Vesicles of Probiotics: Shedding Light on the Biological Activity and Future Applications

“…All the above-mentioned proteins participate in the transport of nutrients from the local environment and their delivery in an assimilable form. Many scientists point out that this system can provide nutrients not only to the EVs-producing microorganisms, but also to the host, especially in areas with high availability of nutrients, e.g., intestines [ 109 , 110 , 111 ]. On this basis, it can be concluded that EVs of Gram-positive probiotic bacteria determine not only their colonization abilities and competition with pathogens, but also may improve digestive processes of the host.…”

Interactions between extracellular vesicles and microbiome in human diseases: New therapeutic opportunities

“…Metabolic disease. Mounting evidence has established the central role of the microbiome in host energy homeostasis and its alterations have strongly been linked to the onset and progression of multiple metabolic disorders, especially obesity and diabetes [190][191][192], although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. In this regard, BEVs are postulated to be key mediators of microbiota-host communication by encapsulating a wide range of bioactive molecules.…”