Microbiota changes and intestinal microbiota transplantation in liver diseases and cirrhosis

Bajaj, Jasmohan S.; Khoruts, Alexander

doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.01.017

Cited by 116 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 183 publications

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“…Although common medications and disease sequelae after transplantation (antibiotics, immunosuppressants, infections) affect the gut microbiome and intestinal immune function, the microbiota would also be affected by the functions of the new liver (eg, on energy metabolism and bile acid production). 144,145 SBP is infection of the ascitic fluid in patients with cirrhosis, which might result from increased translocation of bacteria from the intestine. Higher proportions of patients with cirrhosis have culturable bacteria from MLNs and endotoxemia compared with healthy persons.…”

Section: Cirrhosis Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Hepatic Encephmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiome and Gut Barrier to Hepatic Disorders

2020

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Intestinal barrier dysfunction and dysbiosis contribute to development of diseases in liver and other organs. Physical, immunologic, and microbiologic (bacterial, fungal, archaeal, viral, and protozoal) features of the intestine separate its nearly 100 trillion microbes from the rest of the human body. Failure of any aspect of this barrier can result in translocation of microbes into the blood and sustained inflammatory response that promote liver injury, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and oncogenic transformation. Alterations in intestinal microbial populations or their functions can also affect health. We review the mechanisms that regulate intestinal permeability and how changes in the intestinal microbiome contribute to development of acute and chronic liver diseases. We discuss individual components of the intestinal barrier and how these are disrupted during development of different liver diseases. Learning more about these processes will increase our understanding of the interactions among the liver, intestine, and its flora.

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Section: Cirrhosis Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Hepatic Encephmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiome and Gut Barrier to Hepatic Disorders

2020

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“…GM dysbiosis leads to the excessive production of bacterial fragments and products [including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycans, and flagellin], which reach the liver through the portal system, contributing to chronic inflammation and liver fibrosis (Zhou et al, 2019). Emerging evidence suggests that the GM is altered following intestinal microbiota transplantation in patients with pre-cirrhotic liver disease and cirrhosis (Ohtani and Kawada, 2019;Bajaj and Khoruts, 2020). Liver fibrogenesis triggers an upsurge in the number of bacteria in circulation, indicating that intestinal microbiota modify the progression of liver fibrosis (Tilg et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiome Contributes to Liver Fibrosis Impact on T Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire

Liang

Zhang

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Gut microbiota (GM) modifies the intrahepatic immune microenvironment, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Liver fibrosis-associated imprinting is predicted to be reflected in GM. This study investigated the link between GM and the intrahepatic T cell receptor (TCR) immune repertoire (IR), and whether GM modulates the intrahepatic immune microenvironment via TCR IR during liver fibrosis. We analyzed the correlation between GM and TCR IR during liver fibrogenesis. Accordingly, 16S rRNA gene sequencing (16S-seq) and bulk immune repertoire sequencing (IR-seq) were performed to characterize GM and intrahepatic TCR IR. Fecal microbial transplant (FMT) and TCRβ knockout (TcrbKO) mouse models were employed to determine the biological link between GM and TCR IR in liver fibrosis. We found that GM and intrahepatic TCR IR are highly correlated, with both showing reduced diversity and centralized distribution during liver fibrosis. The restoration of normal intestinal microbiota may reshape intrahepatic TCR IR and delay liver fibrosis. Interestingly, TCR IR ablation abrogated the impact of GM on liver fibrogenesis. Furthermore, GM modulated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation via TCR IR-mediated intrahepatic immune milieu. Our study demonstrates that GM, which exhibits cross-talk with the intrahepatic TCR IR, influences the intrahepatic immune microenvironment and liver fibrosis progression.

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“…The effect of FMT on advanced cirrhosis and HE is gradually being recognized. At present, safety and changes in the structure and function of the gut microbiota have been the main concern in FMT[ 174 ]. Clinical studies have shown that FMT can reduce the hospitalization rate of patients with cirrhosis and recurrent HE, improve cognition and gut dysbiosis[ 175 ], moreover, FMT can restore the decrease in microbial diversity and the changes in SCFAs and bile acid caused by antibiotic use[ 176 ].…”

Section: Microbiota-gut-live-brain Axis and Cirrhosis And Hementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of gut microbiota via the gut-liver-brain axis in digestive diseases

Ding¹,

Jin²,

Yang³

et al. 2020

WJG

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The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional information interaction system between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract, in which gut microbiota plays a key role. The gut microbiota forms a complex network with the enteric nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the neuroendocrine and neuroimmunity of the CNS, which is called the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Due to the close anatomical and functional interaction of the gut-liver axis, the microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis has attracted increased attention in recent years. The microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis mediates the occurrence and development of many diseases, and it offers a direction for the research of disease treatment. In this review, we mainly discuss the role of the gut microbiota in the irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, functional dyspepsia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy via the gut-liver-brain axis, and the focus is to clarify the potential mechanisms and treatment of digestive diseases based on the further understanding of the microbiota-gut- liver-brain axis.

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Microbiota changes and intestinal microbiota transplantation in liver diseases and cirrhosis

Cited by 116 publications

References 183 publications

Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiome and Gut Barrier to Hepatic Disorders

Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiome and Gut Barrier to Hepatic Disorders

Gut Microbiome Contributes to Liver Fibrosis Impact on T Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire

Role of gut microbiota via the gut-liver-brain axis in digestive diseases

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