Microbiota-based Signature of Gingivitis Treatments: A Randomized Study

Abstract

Plaque-induced gingivitis can be alleviated by various treatment regimens. To probe the impacts of various anti-gingivitis treatments on plaque microflora, here a double blinded, randomized controlled trial of 91 adults with moderate gingivitis was designed with two anti-gingivitis regimens: the brush-alone treatment and the brush-plus-rinse treatment. In the later group, more reduction in both Plaque Index (TMQHI) and Gingival Index (mean MGI) at Day 3, Day 11 and Day 27 was evident, and more dramatic changes were found between baseline and other time points for both supragingival plaque microbiota structure and salivary metabonomic profiles. A comparison of plaque microbiota changes was also performed between these two treatments and a third dataset where 50 subjects received regimen of dental scaling. Only Actinobaculum, TM7 and Leptotrichia were consistently reduced by all the three treatments, whereas the different microbial signatures of the three treatments during gingivitis relieve indicate distinct mechanisms of action. Our study suggests that microbiota based signatures can serve as a valuable approach for understanding and potentially comparing the modes of action for clinical treatments and oral-care products in the future.

No differences in microbiome changes between anti‐adhesive and antibacterial ingredients in toothpastes during periodontal therapy

“…Additionally, we found no intra‐group effects on tested microbiome parameters after 4 weeks in the HA as well as in the AmF/SnF 2 group (Figures and ). This observation is also supported by another microbiota‐based study by Huang et al . Here, a decrease in alpha and beta diversity was found only, after applying additionally an AmF/SnF 2 ‐containing mouthwash together with the AmF/SnF 2 toothpaste …”

“…Additionally, we found no intra-group effects on tested microbiome parameters after 4 weeks in the HA as well as in the AmF/SnF 2 group (Figures 3 and 4). This observation is also supported by another microbiota-based study by Huang et al 30 Here, a decrease in alpha and beta diversity was found only, after applying additionally an AmF/SnF 2 -containing mouthwash together with the AmF/SnF 2 toothpaste. 30 Although the fluoride ion of AmF/SnF 2 itself has only limited antimicrobial effects, it has been proposed that the amine portion of AmF possesses surface-active properties and can prevent bacterial adhesion as well as inhibit bacterial growth.…”

“…This observation is also supported by another microbiota-based study by Huang et al 30 Here, a decrease in alpha and beta diversity was found only, after applying additionally an AmF/SnF 2 -containing mouthwash together with the AmF/SnF 2 toothpaste. 30 Although the fluoride ion of AmF/SnF 2 itself has only limited antimicrobial effects, it has been proposed that the amine portion of AmF possesses surface-active properties and can prevent bacterial adhesion as well as inhibit bacterial growth. 31 Metal salts can be bactericidal against oral bacteria and also possess anti-plaque activity and can inhibit bacterial enzymes.…”

Plaque‐induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations

“…Emerging evidence suggests that clusters of bacteria, rather than individual species, might be of use as diagnostic markers for each disease; and that bacterial functions (e.g., proteolysis, flagellar assembly, bacterial motility) may be a more robust discriminant of disease than species. While these early novel findings support a gene‐centric rather than a species‐centric approach to disease causation, further studies are required to better characterize such bacterial clusters and gene functions and to validate their potential use both as a diagnostic tool and as response to treatment monitoring tool …”

Leptotrichia species in human infections II

“…They were also recovered from oral plaque of guinea pigs [21] and feces of piglets [54], dental plaque from healthy individuals, plaque and saliva from patients with various types of caries, gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, and peri-implantitis [23,25–27,34,35,37,38,44,45,47,49,52,59,60,62,66–69,91,94], decayed tooth surfaces and discordant caries from intact enamel surfaces [53]. Leptotrichia species were also isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and patients with leukocytosis, hypoxemia, and dyspnea [24].…”