Microbiota and Its Impact on the Immune System in COVID-19—A Narrative Review

Jabczyk, Marzena; Nowak, Justyna; Hudzik, Bartosz; Zubelewicz-Szkodzińska, Barbara

doi:10.3390/jcm10194537

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…In our study, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased in the MIS-C group, and the Firmicutes:Bacteroides ratio decreased significantly in the MIS-C group compared with the healthy control group and the SARS-CoV-2 group. Endotoxins and metabolites of microorganisms causing inflammation in the lung have been shown to enter the bloodstream, causing an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and a decrease in the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the intestinal composition [ 33 ]. In addition, previous findings showed that Firmicutes decreased and Bacteriodes increased in Kawasaki disease [ 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal microbiota composition of children with infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C)

et al. 2022

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Microbiota composition may play a role in the development, prognosis, or post-infection of COVID-19. There are studies evaluating the microbiota composition at the time of diagnosis and during the course of COVID-19, especially in adults, while studies in children are limited and no study available in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). This study was planned to compare intestinal microbiota composition in children diagnosed with MIS-C and acute COVID-19 infection with healthy children. In this prospective multicenter study, 25 children diagnosed with MIS-C, 20 with COVID-19 infection, and 19 healthy children were included. Intestinal microbiota composition was evaluated by 16 s rRNA gene sequencing. We observed changes of diversity, richness, and composition of intestinal microbiota in MIS-C cases compared to COVID-19 cases and in the healthy controls. The Shannon index was higher in the MIS-C group than the healthy controls ( p < 0.01). At phylum level, in the MIS-C group, a significantly higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and lower abundance of Firmicutes was found compared to the control group. Intestinal microbiota composition changed in MIS-C cases compared to COVID-19 and healthy controls, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii decreased; Bacteroides uniformis , Bacteroides plebeius , Clostridium ramosum , Eubacterium dolichum , Eggerthella lenta , Bacillus thermoamylovorans , Prevotella tannerae , and Bacteroides coprophilus were dominant in children with MIS-C. At species level, we observed decreased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , and increased Eubacterium dolichum , Eggerthella lenta , and Bacillus thermoamylovorans in children with MIS-C and increased Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Dorea formicigenerasus in the COVID-19 group. Our study is the first to evaluate the microbiota composition in MIS-C cases. There is a substantial change in the composition of the gut microbiota: (1) reduction of F. prausnitzii in children with MIS-C and COVID-19; (2) an increase of Eggerthella lenta which is related with autoimmunity; and (3) the predominance of E. dolichum is associated with metabolic dysfunctions and obesity in children with MIS-C. Conclusions : Alterations of the intestinal microbiota might be part of pathogenesis of predisposing factor for MIS-C. It would be beneficial to conduct more extensive studies on the cause-effect relationship of these changes in microbiota composition and their effects on long-term prognosis. What is Known: • Mi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal microbiota composition of children with infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C)

et al. 2022

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“…The use of antibiotics changes the intestinal microbiota and compromises the immunity of patients with COVID-19 [ 6 ]. In addition, long-term use of antibiotics causes resistance of existing bacteria and old strains that are resistant to most antibiotics [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Antibiotic Prescribing in Adult COVID-19 Inpatients over Two Years in Mexico

et al. 2022

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Background and Objectives: Empirical antibiotic prescribing in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been common even though bacterial coinfections are infrequent. The overuse of antibacterial agents may accelerate the antibiotic resistance crisis. We aimed to evaluate factors predicting empirical antibiotic prescribing to adult COVID-19 inpatients over 2 years (March 2020–February 2021) in Mexico. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of a nationwide cohort study was conducted. Hospitalized adults due to laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were included (n = 214,171). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), computed by using logistic regression models, were used to evaluate factors predicting empirical antibiotic prescribing. Results: The overall frequency of antibiotic usage was 25.3%. In multiple analysis, the highest risk of antibiotic prescription was documented among patients with pneumonia at hospital admission (OR = 2.20, 95% CI 2.16–2.25). Male patients, those with chronic comorbidities (namely obesity and chronic kidney disease) and longer interval days from symptoms onset to healthcare seeking, were also more likely to receive these drugs. We also documented that, per each elapsed week during the study period, the odds of receiving antibiotic therapy decreased by about 2% (OR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.97–0.99). Conclusion: Our study identified COVID-19 populations at increased risk of receiving empirical antibiotic therapy during the first two years of the pandemic.

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“…Endotoxins and metabolites of microorganisms causing in ammation in the lung have been shown to enter the bloodstream, causing an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and a decrease in the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the intestinal composition. [33] In addition, previous ndings showed that Firmicutes decreased and Bacteriodes increased in Kawasaki disease. [34] Compared with the healthy children in the MIS-C group, the dominant genera were Bacteroides, Eggerthella, and Prevotella, and the dominant species were Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides plebeius, Clostridium ramosum, Eubacterium dolichum, Eggerthella lenta, Bacillus thermoamylovorans, Prevotella tannerae, and Bacillus thermoamylovorans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Intestinal Microbiota Composition of Children with Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C)

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GUVEN³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Microbiota composition may play a role in the development, prognosis, or post-infection of COVID-19. There are studies evaluating the microbiota composition at the time of diagnosis and during the course of COVID-19, especially in adults, while studies in children are limited and no study available in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). This study was planned to evaluate the changes in intestinal microbiota composition in children diagnosed with MIS-C and acute COVID-19 infection and to compare them with healthy children.Methods: In this prospective multicenter study, 25 children diagnosed with MIS-C, 20 with COVID-19 infection, and age and sex matched 19 healthy children were included. Intestinal microbiota composition was evaluated by detailed metagenomic analyses.Results: We observed changes of diversity, richness, and composition of intestinal microbiota in MIS-C cases than in COVID-19 cases and in the healthy controls. The Shannon Index was higher in the MIS-C and COVID-19 groups than the healthy controls (p<0.01). At phylum level, Bacteroidetes abundance have been observed in MIS-C group, while Firmicutes in healthy children. Intestinal microbiota composition changed in MIS-C cases compared to COVID-19 and healthy controls, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii decreased, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides plebeius, Clostridium ramosum, Eubacterium dolichum, Eggerthella lenta, Bacillus thermoamylovorans, Prevotella tannerae and Bacteroides coprophilus were dominant in children with MIS-C. At species level, we observed decreased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and increased Eubacterium dolichum, Eggerthella lenta, Bacillus thermoamylovorans in children with MIS-C and increased Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Dorea formicigenerasus in COVID-19 group. Discussion: Our study is the first to evaluate the microbiota composition in MIS-C cases. There is a substantial change in the composition of the gut microbiota: (1) reduction of F. prausnitzii in children with MIS-C and COVID-19, (2) an increase of Eggerthella lenta which is related with autoimmunity; (3) the predominance of E. dolichum is associated with metabolic dysfunctions and obesity in children with MIS-C. Alterations of the intestinal microbiota might be part of pathogenesis of predisposing factor for MIS-C. It would be beneficial to conduct more extensive studies on the cause-effect relationship of these changes in microbiota composition and their effects on long-term prognosis.

show abstract

Microbiota and Its Impact on the Immune System in COVID-19—A Narrative Review

Cited by 16 publications

References 84 publications

Intestinal microbiota composition of children with infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C)

Intestinal microbiota composition of children with infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C)

Empirical Antibiotic Prescribing in Adult COVID-19 Inpatients over Two Years in Mexico

Intestinal Microbiota Composition of Children with Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C)

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