Microbiota and Gut Health: Promising Prospects for Clinical Trials from Bench to Bedside

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disease characterized by weight loss, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea. The number of affected patients has increased in recent years. Despite the fact that scientists have been studying the pathogenesis of IBD for many years, the specific pathogenesis pathway remains unclear. As a result, none of the therapeutic approaches can cure IBD patients completely. However, the increasing research factors associated with the incidence of IBD are reasonable. These variables can be divided into two categories: microbiome-related factors (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) and nonmicrobiome-related factors (diet, gene, host immune system, gender, and ethnicity). Surprisingly, we found that all the variables impact the gut flora in IBD patients, either directly or indirectly. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota eventually leads to an increase in the incidence of IBD. As a result, therapeutic targets focusing on correcting dysbiosis in the gut microbiome, including using probiotics and postbiotics, could become one of the most promising IBD treatments in the future. We went through each linked factor and explained how they contribute to an increased risk of IBD. We will review some existing conventional therapies for IBD before moving on to a revolutionary therapy strategy that employs prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to treat IBD based on the criteria stated. Furthermore, different persons have varying reactions to the same probiotic strain. As a result, we also provide the option of having individualized probiotic medication tailored to each IBD patient.

Alterations in the intestinal microbiome and metabolic profile of patients with cirrhosis supplemented with lactulose, Clostridium butyricum, and Bifidobacterium longum infantis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

“…Additionally, Clostridium butyricum combined with rosuvastatin ameliorates imbalances in the intestinal microbiota, liver fibrosis, and liver functional defects in patients with NAFLD ( Zhu et al, 2022 ). Studies have also shown that Bifidobacterium longum infantis has health-promoting effects, such as reductions of pro-inflammatory cytokine concentration in intestinal epithelial cells ( Ehrlich et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2022 ) and Caco-2 cells ( Alvarez-Mercado et al, 2022 ). One study effectively applied lactulose with or without rifaximin to prevent hepatic encephalopathy ( Rahimi et al, 2021 ), which was verified by a multi-center randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial ( de Wit et al, 2020 ).…”

Microbial metabolites indole derivatives sensitize mice to D-GalN/LPS induced-acute liver failure via the Tlr2/NF-κB pathway

“…Different studies have reported the involvement of microbial factors in ALF development (Wu et al, 2022). On the one hand, microbial intervention with probiotic/ prebiotic and FMT have exhibited therapeutic potential in different studies (Wang Q. et al, 2019;Wang J. et al, 2022;Xia et al, 2022). It is helpful in the regulation of inflammation response.…”

The efficacy of extracellular vesicles for acute lung injury in preclinical animal models: a meta-analysis

“…Extracellular vesicles are emerging as a promising therapeutic and diagnostic tool, with studies demonstrating their potential role in the treatment and diagnosis of digestive system diseases, cancer, and other areas of research [ 6 , 73 , 74 ]. Additionally, a meta-analysis have shown that stem cell-derived EVs improve cardiac function and reduce infarct size in myocardial infarction animals [ 75 ].…”