“…[10][11][12][13] This allows for the collection of skin tissue for molecular studies without a local anesthetic or suture. 14 For example, using a solid MN is reported to collect small skin samples with minimal pain (based on patient pain scores) for the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, a biomarker for cutaneous and mucosal warts. 15 Meanwhile, in fluid sampling, most MN-based sensors emphasize measuring biomarkers in the dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) due to comparable concentration to levels in blood, and higher concentration than found in sweat.…”