“…But captivity alters the microbiome in mammals (Uenishi et al, 2007; Delsuc et al, 2014; Kreisinger et al, 2014; Clayton et al, 2016; Delport et al, 2016), birds (Scupham et al, 2008; Matsui et al, 2010; Wienemann et al, 2011; Rodríguez-Ruano et al, 2015; Wang et al, 2016), fish (Dhanasiri et al, 2010), reptiles (Keenan et al, 2013), and amphibians (Loudon et al, 2013; Becker et al, 2014; Bataille et al, 2016), which is likely due to the dietary, social, and environmental conditions of captivity that are so different from those experienced in the wild. Captive microbiomes likely do not represent the natural variation of the microbiome of a species (or population), which is necessary for evolutionary analysis.…”