Microbiome: The surface brigade

Trivedi, Bijal

doi:10.1038/492s60a

Cited by 49 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It might seem strange or even contradictory to some that microbes and fermented foods harbor such potential for paradigm shifting change. But, after all, humans are mostly microbial in content, food is their necessity and as multiple recent studies are showing, these organisms are integral to all aspects of human and animal development, longevity and ultimate survival (de Vos and de Vos, 2012;Hughes, 2012;Trivedi, 2012;Biagi et al, 2013;de Vos and Nieuwdorp, 2013;Fang and Evans, 2013;Loscalzo, 2013;Pennisi, 2013;Reid et al, 2013b). We wonder who is willing to join this friendly revolution.…”

Section: Improving Research Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 95%

African fermented foods and probiotics

Franz

Huch

Mathara

et al. 2014

International Journal of Food Microbiology

199

138

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Section: Improving Research Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 95%

African fermented foods and probiotics

Franz

Huch

Mathara

et al. 2014

International Journal of Food Microbiology

199

138

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“…Bare skin heightens the sense of touch over the body and plays an important role in human bonding and communication. The skin's surfaces harbor multiple species of microorganisms and create an ecosystem that contributes to the health of the human species (e.g., [84][85][86]. Even in early Homo, these profound changes in the skin probably approached those changes found in modern humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition in Pan paniscus compared with Homo sapiens has implications for changes during human evolution

Zihlman

Bolter

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The human body has been shaped by natural selection during the past 4-5 million years. Fossils preserve bones and teeth but lack muscle, skin, fat, and organs. To understand the evolution of the human form, information about both soft and hard tissues of our ancestors is needed. Our closest living relatives of the genus Pan provide the best comparative model to those ancestors. Here, we present data on the body composition of 13 bonobos (Pan paniscus) measured during anatomical dissections and compare the data with Homo sapiens. These comparative data suggest that both females and males (i) increased body fat, (ii) decreased relative muscle mass, (iii) redistributed muscle mass to lower limbs, and (iv) decreased relative mass of skin during human evolution. Comparison of soft tissues between Pan and Homo provides new insights into the function and evolution of body composition.body composition | bonobo | Pan paniscus | human evolution | Homo sapiensT he human body has been shaped by natural selection during the past 4-5 million years. The large brain and expanded neurocranium of Homo sapiens (1,100-1,550 cm 3 ) is triple the size of closely related chimpanzees (Pan, 275-420 cm 3 ) and fossil australopithecines (e.g., Australopithecus afarensis AL-444, 550 cm 3 ; Australopithecus africanus Taung, 382 cm 3 ; and Australopithecus sediba MH1, 420 cm 3 ) (1-6). Long lower limbs in humans accommodate habitual bipedality and contrast with the relatively short lower limbs of quadrupedal African apes. These changes in limb proportions can be tracked across millions of years of australopithecine and early Homo remains, (e.g., partial skeletons of Au. afarensis AL-288 "Lucy," Au. africanus STS 14, Homo erectus WT 15000 "Nariokotome Boy") (7-9).Fossils, even relatively complete ones, preserve only bone, one component of body composition and a small proportion of body mass. The remaining muscle, skin, fat, and vital organs that make up the other 85% do not leave a record, although, separately and together, they underpin locomotor activity, energetics, health, and reproduction (10-14). There has been much speculation about their interrelationships. The "expensive tissue hypothesis" attempts to explain the threefold expansion of the human brain (15-18). It argues that because human brain tissue requires a disproportionately high energy supply, its increase during evolution necessitated a compensatory decrease in another component, the gastrointestinal tract (18). Another hypothesis suggests that body fat in australopithecines was as high as the body fat of modern hunter-gatherers (19). Tests of hypotheses about the evolution of body composition require a comparative database, one that includes the major tissues.One way to fill in the missing information is to compare human body composition with the body composition of our closest living relatives, members of the genus Pan (20, 21). Few such comparative data are available on apes (but cf. 22-25). The rarity of apes in captivity, their long lives, and the logistics of obtaining ...

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“…Opportunistic pathogens are present in healthy fish microbiota, and may become infectious when hosts are stressed [4]. As an external organ, fish skin is an important first-line defense system against pathogens [5]. Interactions between fish and bacteria on the skin surface are used as a model in human investigative dermatology [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network Analysis Highlights Complex Interactions between Pathogen, Host and Commensal Microbiota

et al. 2013

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Interactions between bacteria and their host represent a full continuum from pathogenicity to mutualism. From an evolutionary perspective, host-bacteria relationships are no longer considered a two-component system but rather a complex network. In this study, we focused on the relationship between brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) and bacterial communities developing on skin mucus. We hypothesized that stressful conditions such as those occurring in aquaculture production induce shifts in the bacterial community of healthy fish, thus allowing pathogens to cause infections. The results showed that fish skin mucus microbiota taxonomical structure is highly specific, its diversity being partly influenced by the surrounding water bacterial community. Two types of taxonomic co-variation patterns emerged across 121 contrasted communities’ samples: one encompassing four genera well known for their probiotic properties, the other harboring five genera mostly associated with pathogen species. The homeostasis of fish bacterial community was extensively disturbed by induction of physiological stress in that both: 1) the abundance of probiotic-like bacteria decreased after stress exposure; and 2) pathogenic bacteria increased following stress exposure. This study provides further insights regarding the role of mutualistic bacteria as a primary host protection barrier.

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Microbiome: The surface brigade

Cited by 49 publications

References 5 publications

African fermented foods and probiotics

African fermented foods and probiotics

Body composition in Pan paniscus compared with Homo sapiens has implications for changes during human evolution

Network Analysis Highlights Complex Interactions between Pathogen, Host and Commensal Microbiota

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