Microbiome Profile in Patients with Adult Balanoposthitis: Relationship with Redundant Prepuce, Genital Mucosa Physical Barrier Status and Inflammation

Li, Meng; Mao, Jian Xun; Jiang, Hang Hang; Huang, Chun Ming; Gao, Xing; Zhang, Li

doi:10.2340/00015555-3833

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Our study is the first of which we are aware to analyze the tissue-level microbiome of the foreskin. Consistent with previous reports using penile swabs (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)47), the bacteria we identified are predominated by taxa commonly colonizing the skin (chiefly Corynebacteria spp) in addition to anaerobic bacteria such as Prevotella, Dialister, Murdochiella, Peptoniphilus, and Negativicoccus. These species have been associated with increased inflammation and HIV acquisition in uncircumcised men (8) and bacterial vaginosis in women (48).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…While condom use, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and medical penile circumcision are effective at reducing HIV incidence in men, the contribution of the penile microbiome to these mechanisms has not been fully explored. Previous work has shown a predominance of anaerobic species in the microbiota of swabs taken from the coronal sulcus or urethra (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) and associated species such as Prevotella with increased mucosal inflammation, HIV target cell density and risk of HIV acquisition (4,12). Following circumcision, the surface microbiota shifts to be dominated by more aerobic species as found on other skin surfaces (6,13,14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial Microbiome and Host Inflammatory Gene Expression in Foreskin Tissue

Maust

Petkov

Herrera

et al. 2022

Preprint

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HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective at preventing HIV acquisition, but its impact on the microbiome of the penis has not been described. As part of a randomized clinical trial, we sequenced the bacterial 16S microbiome from foreskin tissue collected during surgical penile circumcision of 144 adolescents in South Africa and Uganda after randomization to placebo, emtricitabine with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, or emtricitabine with tenofovir alafenamide. We found a large proportion of Corynebacterium in addition to other anaerobic species. Cutibacterium acnes was more abundant among participants from South Africa than Uganda, though this made no difference in clinical outcome. We did not find a difference in bacterial populations by treatment received nor bacterial taxa that were differentially abundant between participants who received placebo versus active drug. Using RNAseq libraries from the same participants, we found generally negative correlations between the relative abundance of bacterial taxa and the expression of genes downstream of the innate response to bacteria and regulation of the inflammatory response. We divided participants into two clusters based on community composition, distinguishing high and low diversity bacterial populations. Random forest classification showed higher expression of NFATC3 and SELENOS and lower expression of STAP1 and NLRP6 in the higher diversity group compared to the lower. Our results show no difference in the tissue microbiome of the foreskin in the different PrEP arms versus placebo. The identified bacterial taxa were not correlated with increased inflammatory gene expression and were instead largely inversely correlated with gene expression consistent with non-inflammatory colonization.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Microbiome and Host Inflammatory Gene Expression in Foreskin Tissue

Maust

Petkov

Herrera

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…In previous studies, decreased hydration of the mucosa of the glans and an increased pH were found in patients with balanoposthitis. Additionally, the balanoposthitis was associated with impairment of the physical barrier provided by the male genital mucosa and a higher colonization rate of Staphylococcus warneri and Prevotella bivia [ 20 ]. Therefore, a possible treatment regimen for balanoposthitis may include restoration of both the genital mucosa barrier and the balance of the indigenous microbial population [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the balanoposthitis was associated with impairment of the physical barrier provided by the male genital mucosa and a higher colonization rate of Staphylococcus warneri and Prevotella bivia [ 20 ]. Therefore, a possible treatment regimen for balanoposthitis may include restoration of both the genital mucosa barrier and the balance of the indigenous microbial population [ 20 ]. Because of limitations of our study conditions, we did not measure the mucosal pH, transepidermal water loss, or mucosal hydration in the crypts adjacent to the preputial frenulum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology, clinical manifestations, and management methods of cryptitis beside the preputial frenulum in men

Fan,

Zhang,

Fan

et al. 2024

Basic Clin. Androl.

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Background Inflammatory diseases may occur within the crypt beside the preputial frenulum in men. This study was performed to gain an understanding of the etiology, clinical manifestations, and management methods of cryptitis beside the preputial frenulum in men. Results Thirteen patients treated for cryptitis beside the preputial frenulum served as the observation group, and 40 healthy individuals served as the control group. The patients’ clinical manifestation was the presence of a yellowish oily substance embedded in the crypt. Wiping off the substance revealed a conical blind cavity-like structure with an opening diameter of 1 to 5 mm (2.8 ± 1.3 mm) and depth of 1 to 4 mm (2.5 ± 1.1 mm). No blind cavity-like structures in the crypt were found in the control group. The shortest distance between the opening edges of the bilateral crypts in the observation and control groups was 6 to 14 mm (10.3 ± 2.4 mm) and 2 to 10 mm (3.9 ± 1.9 mm), respectively, with a statistically significant difference. Examination for pathogens in the secretions from skin lesions showed that the three most common pathogens were Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. All patients recovered after antibiotic treatment. Conclusions A blind cavity-like structure in the crypt may be related to excessive width of the preputial frenulum. Cryptitis may be a secondary infection caused by smegma trapped in the blind cavity-like structure. Maintaining cleanliness in the frenulum area may help to prevent the occurrence of cryptitis. Antibiotic treatment is effective.

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“…The best pH conducive for Mycoplasma growth is between 7.8 and 8. 19 In canine females, the pH value in the vagina is 7.4–8.3 20 and 6.3–6.7 in prepuce of males, 21 as opposed to humans who have lower values of 5.71 in men’s prepuce 22 and 3.8–4.5 in women’s vagina. 23 The pH values of canine semen are as follows; first fraction: 6.37, second fraction: 6.37, and the third one is 7.2; 24 and human semen pH values are between 7.2 and 8.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of Mycoplasma species on human and canine semen quality: a review

Domrazek

Kaszak

Kanafa

et al. 2022

Asian Journal of Andrology

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Mycoplasma species (spp.) are bacteria that are difficult to detect. Currently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is considered the most effective diagnostic tool to detect these microorganisms in both human and veterinary medicine. There are 13 known species of human Mycoplasma and 15 species of canine Mycoplasma . Owing to the difficulties in identifying the individual species of Mycoplasma , there is a lack of information regarding which species are saprophytic and which are pathogenic. The prevalence of the individual species is also unknown. In addition, in both humans and dogs, the results of some studies on the impact of Mycoplasma are conflicting. The presence of Mycoplasma spp. on the epithelium of reproductive tract is often associated with infertility, although they are also detected in healthy individuals. The occurrence of Mycoplasma spp. is more common in dogs (even 89%) than in humans (1.3%–4%). This is probably because the pH of a dog’s genital is more conducive to the growth of Mycoplasma spp. than that of humans. Phylogenetically, human and canine Mycoplasma are related, and majority of them belong to the same taxonomic group. Furthermore, 40% of canine Mycoplasma spp. are placed in common clusters with those of human. This suggests that species from the same cluster can play a similar role in the canine and human reproductive tracts. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the impact of Mycoplasma on canine and human male fertility as well as the prospects of further development in this field.

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Microbiome Profile in Patients with Adult Balanoposthitis: Relationship with Redundant Prepuce, Genital Mucosa Physical Barrier Status and Inflammation

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

Bacterial Microbiome and Host Inflammatory Gene Expression in Foreskin Tissue

Bacterial Microbiome and Host Inflammatory Gene Expression in Foreskin Tissue

Etiology, clinical manifestations, and management methods of cryptitis beside the preputial frenulum in men

The influence of Mycoplasma species on human and canine semen quality: a review

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