Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis

Abdel-Haq, Reem; Schlachetzki, J; Glass, Christopher K.; Mazmanian, Sarkis K.

doi:10.1084/jem.20180794

Cited by 315 publications

(246 citation statements)

References 211 publications

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“…77 Furthermore, alterations in offspring born to mothers exposed to infection during pregnancy was shown to be dependent on maternal IL-17, 78 which required maternal intestinal bacteria that promote Th17 cell differentiation. 79 These observations, together with the accumulating evidence that microglial cells are sensitive to gut microbes, 80 suggests complex interactions between gut microbes and microglial cells that may involve modulation of innate memory. Tissue-resident macrophages in the lung may also be sensitive to microbial-induced memory.…”

Section: Microbiome and Innate Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The microbiome and immune memory formation

2019

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The microbiota plays an important role in regulating both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Many studies have focused on the ability of microbes to shape the immune system by stimulating B‐cell and antibody responses and the differentiation of T helper cell function. However, an important feature of the immune system is its ability to generate memory responses, which provide increased survival for the host. This review will highlight the role of the microbiota in the induction of immune memory with a focus on both adaptive and innate memory as well as vaccine efficacy.

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Section: Microbiome and Innate Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The microbiome and immune memory formation

2019

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“…The gut‐brain axis is a bidirectional communication system involving neural and humoral mechanisms utilizing the enteric nervous system/vagus nerve and the circulatory system respectively . Enteric and vagus nerve endings can be activated by metabolites and neuroactive substances produced by microbiota in the intestines and the signals are transmitted to various parts of the brain.…”

Section: The Gut‐brain Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome programming of brain development: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders

Forssberg

2019

Develop Med Child Neuro

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ASDAutism spectrum disorderDuring the last decade, research on germ-free mice has discovered that the gut microbiome (i.e. the normal bacteria colonizing the gastrointestinal tract) can programme brain function and behaviour during early development. At the same time a growing number of clinical studies have shown altered gut microflora in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in combination with altered bacterial metabolites and inflammatory cytokines being part of the gut-brain axis. This review covers the concept of the microbiome; how it is established during childhood; how it is affected by malnutrition; how it can programme the development of the brain through epigenetic mechanisms; which pathways are used from the gut to the brain; and assesses findings that suggest the gut microbiome may be involved in ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. This is a new research field with a number of exciting, but so far fragmented, findings indicating the important role of the normal microbiome in shaping the brain. Research also suggests that disruptions of the microbiome may be involved in the aetiology of neurodevelopmental disorders.

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“…Our previous work showed that emotional abnormity in EAP mice was related to microglial activation and subsequent neurobiological alterations in the brain 38 . Also, the gut microbiota has been reported to play a vital role in regulating microglial function via the gut‐brain axis 39 . Thus, it is likely to appear that gut microbiota may offer a cut‐in point to mechanisms that explain the EAP‐induced depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal gut microbiota composition is associated with experimental autoimmune prostatitis‐induced depressive‐like behaviors in mice

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2020

The Prostate

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Background: Depressive symptoms are found in approximately 78% of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) patients, but the pathological mechanisms remain unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that abnormal gut microbiota may play an important role in depression. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether gut microbiota contributes to CP/CPPS-associated depression by using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP).Methods: Male nonobese diabetic mice were immunized twice by subcutaneous injection of prostate antigen and adjuvant. Behavioral tests consisted of an open field test, sucrose preference test, forced swimming tests, and tail suspension test was used to confirm the depression-like symptoms that were induced by EAP. Then, fecal samples were collected, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed to detect differences in gut microbiota composition between control and EAP group. Additionally, fecal bacteria from the control and EAP mice were transplanted into antibiotics-induced pseudo-germ-free mice to investigate the effects on host behaviors and the composition of gut bacteria.Results: EAP was successfully established and exhibited depressive-like behaviors in mice. The 16S rRNA analysis of fecal samples indicated the abnormal composition of gut microbiota in the EAP mice compared to the control mice. In the fecal microbiota transplant study, antibiotics-treated pseudo-germ-free mice presented depressive states as compared to naïve mice. Fecal bacteria transplant from EAP mice, but not from control mice, into the pseudo-germ-free mice, significantly exaggerated host depression-like behaviors. Moreover, fecal bacteria transplants from control and EAP mice induced distinct alterations in α-diversity and β-diversity indices. In all, 24 bacteria at six phylogenetic levels were remarkably changed by the fecal bacteria transplantation.Conclusions: Abnormal gut microbiota composition after EAP induction may contribute to the development of depression in mice. A therapeutic strategy that targets gut microbiota may provide an alternative treatment for alleviating this condition. K E Y W O R D Sdepression, fecal bacteria transplantation, gut microbiota, prostatitis

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Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis

Cited by 315 publications

References 211 publications

The microbiome and immune memory formation

The microbiome and immune memory formation

Microbiome programming of brain development: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders

Abnormal gut microbiota composition is associated with experimental autoimmune prostatitis‐induced depressive‐like behaviors in mice

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