Microbiome and resistome dynamics along a sewage-effluent-reservoir continuum underline the role of natural attenuation in effluent receiving reservoirs

Abstract

This study assessed temporal dynamics of total and antibiotic resistant fecal bacterial indicators and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) along a sewage-effluent-reservoir continuum, in an experimental system consisting of a sewage-fed membrane-aerated bioreactor (MABR) whose effluent fed a 4500 L polypropylene basin that mimicked an effluent storage reservoir. We applied a multidisciplinary approach that coupled physicochemical analyses, cultivation of total and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli, microbiome (bacterial and eukaryotic) analysis and qPCR/ddPCR quantification of selected ARGs. Total and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli loads dropped by approximately 1.5 log units in both the MABR and the reservoir, but the relative reduction (normalized to 16S rRNA genes) in both E. coli and ARGs was higher in the reservoir. Reservoir microbiomes were significantly different from those in the MABR, and were characterized by temporal shifts and periodic algal (Chlorophyta) blooms that were coupled to oxygen and pH fluctuations. Collectively, the data indicates that the decrease in E. coli and ARGs in the MABR was primarily facilitated by sludge removal, whereas in the reservoir, it was predominantly associated with microbial community shifts. The study highlights the capacity of ecological interactions in mitigating antibiotic resistance in both engineered and natural ecosystems.