Microbiology of otitis media: A moving target

Vergison, Anne

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.006

Cited by 106 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…URTI causes nasopharyngitis which affects the Eustachian tube (ET), as a result negative pressure is created and that causes suction of the mucus of the nasopharynx inside the middle ear; that explains why aspirate of AOM can show bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis [2,8], which are commensal to nasopharynx [16]. The initial course of the disease is thought to be viral in origin with bacterial superinfection occurs after that [2,12], many viruses have been implemented as a causative agents which are found in 90 % of AOM cases, like rhinovirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza type 1, 2 or 3, influenza A or B, and adenovirus [1,2,7,14,17].…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Otitis Media- An Update

Shawabkeh¹,

Haidar²,

Larem³

et al. 2017

JOENTR

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Objective: To review the literature about Acute otitis media (AOM).Introduction: AOM is a common condition with an incidence of 10.8/ 100 people per year; it is more common in pediatric age group and tends to occur more in male patients. It is considered the main cause of prescribing antibiotics in pediatrics. Physicians tend to over diagnose this disease leading to an unnecessary antibiotics prescription which exposes the child to an unwanted side effects mainly diarrhea. USA spends $2-3.5 billion per year for the treatment of AOM. Taking these points in our mind, it is important to know how to accurately diagnose this condition and how to treat it and what is the pathophysiology that underlies that disease, all of which are discussed in details in this review article.Methodology: a comprehensive review of the literature about AOM.Results: AOM is a result of different host, environmental, microbiological and genetic factors. It is highly related to upper respiratory infection and the disease is thought to be viral in origin with bacterial superinfection happens later on. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has the best link with AOM. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are still the most important pathogens. It is a symptomatic disease; Ear pain is the most important symptom, and bulging of the tympanic membrane is the most important sign that can lead to diagnosis. The American Academy of Pediatrics has put certain guidelines for the treatment of AOM. Prevetive measures play an important role in decreasing of its incidence. Conclusion:AOM has an impact on the child, family, and the community as a whole, in term of health and costs.

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Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common and found in 35-45% [3,20], patients infected with this microorganism tend to have more severe disease [3,16]. The serotypes responsible have been changed after the introduction of pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) [3].…”

Section: Streptococcus Pneumoniae Haemophilus Influenzae Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Otitis Media- An Update

Shawabkeh¹,

Haidar²,

Larem³

et al. 2017

JOENTR

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“…Hassett et al reported the annual number of Americans affected by COPD in 2014 at over 14 million [6]. OM is the most common pediatric infectious disease in humans accounting for over 20 million physician visits and costing the U.S. upwards of 5 billion dollars annually [7,8]. OM is characterized by mucous overproduction and inflammation in the middle ear cavity due to infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OM is characterized by mucous overproduction and inflammation in the middle ear cavity due to infection. Pediatric patients are highly susceptible to OM pathogens due to the shortened length of the Eustachian tube during development [7]. Currently, the standard treatment for both COPD and OM is systemically administered broad-spectrum antibiotics, which, leads to increased antibiotic resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Receptor Interacting Protein-2 acts as negative regulator for nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced mucin MUC5AC expression

Bohn¹,

Komatsu²,

Matsuyama³

et al. 2017

Integr Mol Med

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Appropriate production of mucous plays a critical role in host innate mucosal defenses against infection. However, if uncontrolled, excessive mucous may be detrimental to the host. Mucous production thus must be tightly regulated. In the present study, we investigate the role of RIP-2 in regulating nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi)-induced up-regulation of mucin MUC5AC expression. We show that RIP-2 is a negative regulator of MUC5AC, whereas MAP kinase JNK acts as a positive regulator for MUC5AC induction by NTHi. Our studies unveil a novel role for RIP-2 in controlling mucous production in upper respiratory disease and may shed light on the identification of new therapeutic targets.

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“…The middle ear infection (otitis media) is the most common pediatric infectious disease and is the most common reason for physician's office visits and antibiotic prescriptions [1]. It was estimated to cost the US alone roughly five billion dollars per year for the management of otitis media (OM) in 1996 [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%