Microbiology of choledochal bile in patients with choledocholithiasis admitted to a tertiary hospital

Flores, Cristina; Maguilnik, Ismael; Hadlich, Everton; Goldani, Luciano Zubaran

doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.02971.x

Cited by 55 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…In our study, in 64.2% of cases we found gram-positive bacteria, in 22.2% gram-negative bacteria, and in 13.5% Candida. Most common isolates were Enterococcus species, whereas, in the non-transplant setting, more gram-negative bacteria, especially E. coli and klebsiella, are found [18][19][20][21]. Our results confirm former studies that showed a shift in microbial spectrum in bile of immunosuppressed patients after LT towards gram-positive bacteria with a markedly increased incidence of Enterococci [8][9][10].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Analysis of Bile Colonization and Intestinal Flora may Improve Management in Liver Transplant Recipients Undergoing ERCP

et al. 2015

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Background:Immunosuppression, denervation of biliary tract, and presence of biliary strictures favor colonization of bile with microorganisms after liver transplantation. Little is known about spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility of this colonization. Material/Methods:Bile and feces were collected prospectively from 38 patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography after liver transplantation. Samples were analyzed for colonization and antibiotic susceptibility. Results:From the 38 tested bile samples, 86.6% tested positive. Of those, 26 (78.8%) were polymicrobial. Of isolated bile samples, 52 (64.2%) were gram-positive, 22.2% were gram-negative, and 13.6% revealed Candida albicans. Most detectable gram-positive bacteria were Enterococcus faecium. Most detectable gram-negative bacteria were E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. Our analyses revealed high resistance rates of the isolates. Only 55.6% of isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, 54% were sensitive to piperacillin/tazobactam, and 60.3% were sensitive to imipenem. High susceptibility rates were found for linezolid and vancomycin (72.9% and 72.6%, respectively). We found a high correlation between microorganisms found in bile and those isolated from stool. Conclusions:Bile of liver transplant recipients is frequently colonized with microorganisms. The starting point of this colonization is usually the intestine. Systematic analysis of bile colonization during endoscopic interventions on biliary tracts of liver transplant recipients might help to select effective prophylactic antibiotic regimes as well as to facilitate the choice of suitable antimicrobial therapy in case of septic complications.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Analysis of Bile Colonization and Intestinal Flora may Improve Management in Liver Transplant Recipients Undergoing ERCP

et al. 2015

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“…However, E. faecalis is one of the most common lactic acid bacteria found in the GIT (12) and one of the predominant microbial species isolated from drainage devices used in biliary surgery (33). E. faecalis has also been isolated directly from the gallbladder (15). This indicates an inherent ability to tolerate high concentrations of bile under in vivo conditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional Responses of Enterococcus faecalis V583 to Bovine Bile and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Solheim¹,

Aakra²,

Vebø³

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Resistance to bile is a prerequisite property of the gastrointestinal bacterial flora. Bile acids are powerful detergents, and resistance to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has therefore often been considered relevant to studies of bile resistance. We have studied the effects of bovine bile (BB) and SDS on Enterococcus faecalis V583 by traditional growth studies and microarrays. Transcriptional responses were studied by time course experiments. In the presence of BB (V583-BB) or SDS (V583-SDS), 308 and 209 genes were identified as differentially expressed at one or more time points, respectively. In V583 treated with both BB and SDS (V583-BB-SDS), 254 genes showed differential expression. Detergents exert their toxic effects primarily on the microbial membrane. The enrichment of differentially transcribed genes that encode proteins with membrane-associated functions and/or locations indicates a major impact of all three treatments on the integrity and functionality of the cell membrane. Two gene clusters involved in fatty acid biosynthesis were repressed in V583-BB and V583-BB-SDS and partly induced in V583-SDS. Furthermore, two EmrB/QacA family drug resistance transporters and a vacuolar-type ATPase were induced in V583-BB and V583-BB-SDS. None of the putative bile salt hydrolase homologs in V583 showed differential expression during the bile treatments. The transcriptional profile of V583-BB-SDS was qualitatively more similar to the response in V583-BB than to that in V583-SDS, suggesting that the presence of bile suppresses the effects of SDS in V583-BB-SDS. The overall results presented here indicate that different mechanisms are involved in detergent resistance in E. faecalis.

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“…In a study by Capoor et al (2008), (9) most common organism was isolated was E. coli followed by Klebsiella pneumonia, Citrobacterfreundii and Salmonella. A number of other authors (Bhansali et al in 1985, (10) Cristina et al in 2003 (11) and Fazal et al in 2014) have reported E Coli to be the most common organism isolated from bile. The reason for E. Coli being the commonest bacteria in bile is because it is the commonest bacteria found in GIT and infection to biliary system comes from the GIT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…(10) Cristina et al reported that all gram negative organisms were sensitive to gentamicin. (11) Fazal et al reported high sensitivity of E. Coli to cefuroxime and ceftriaxone and showed high resistance to amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriological Profile of Bile and Antibiogram in Cholecystectomy Patients

Gupta¹

2017

jmscr

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Microbiology of choledochal bile in patients with choledocholithiasis admitted to a tertiary hospital

Abstract: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis and Streptoccocus sp. were the most common bacteria isolated in the bile of patients with cholangitis and choledocholithiasis, which were sensitive to a simple therapeutic regimen, such as the combination of ampicilin and gentamicin.

Cited by 55 publications

References 17 publications

Analysis of Bile Colonization and Intestinal Flora may Improve Management in Liver Transplant Recipients Undergoing ERCP

Analysis of Bile Colonization and Intestinal Flora may Improve Management in Liver Transplant Recipients Undergoing ERCP

Transcriptional Responses of Enterococcus faecalis V583 to Bovine Bile and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Bacteriological Profile of Bile and Antibiogram in Cholecystectomy Patients

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