Microbiological Evaluation of the Efficacy of Soapy Water to Clean Hands: A Randomized, Non-Inferiority Field Trial

Amin, Nuhu; Pickering, Amy J.; Ram, Pavani K.; Unicomb, Leanne; Najnin, Nusrat; Homaira, Nusrat; Ashraf, Sania; Abedin, Jaynal; Islam, Mohammad Sirajul; Luby, Stephen P.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0475

Cited by 63 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…6,7 To address the barrier of soap cost, handwashing with soapy water (detergent powder plus water) could be promoted. Soapy water is just as microbiologically effective as bar soap at reducing fecal indicator organisms from hands, 35 and it is acceptable elsewhere in Bangladesh. 36 A trial of individual and combined water, sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition interventions (WASH Benefits; www.washbenefits.org) will likely provide insights on the health benefit of washing hands with soapy water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observed Practices and Perceived Advantages of Different Hand Cleansing Agents in Rural Bangladesh: Ash, Soil, and Soap

Nizame

Nasreen

Halder

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Bangladeshi communities have historically used ash and soil as handwashing agents. A structured observation study and qualitative interviews on the use of ash/soil and soap as handwashing agents were conducted in rural Bangladesh to help develop a handwashing promotion intervention. The observations were conducted among 1,000 randomly selected households from 36 districts. Fieldworkers observed people using ash/soil to wash their hand(s) on 13% of occasions after defecation and on 10% after cleaning a child's anus. This compares with 19% of people who used soap after defecation and 27% after cleaning a child who defecated. Using ash/soil or soap was rarely ( 1%) observed at other times recommended for handwashing. The qualitative study enrolled 24 households from three observation villages, where high usage of ash/soil for handwashing was detected. Most informants reported that ash/soil was used only for handwashing after fecal contact, and that ash/soil could clean hands as effectively as soap.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observed Practices and Perceived Advantages of Different Hand Cleansing Agents in Rural Bangladesh: Ash, Soil, and Soap

Nizame

Nasreen

Halder

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Accordingly this study, 3% used protected dug wells which is less than by 13% revealed in study conducted (16% used protected dug well) on microbiological evaluation of the efficacy of soapy water to clean hands in 2014 [18]. This may be due to geographic, lack of awareness toward use of improved water sources and lack of access improved water supply sources.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…In Ethiopia, only 16% (piped and a protected well) and 12% of a protected spring were in rural households [18] and 53% households travel 30 minutes or more to fetch their drinking water (19% in urban and 62% rural areas) [19]. The study on access to safe drinking water and availability of environmental sanitation facilities among Dukem town households in 2013 pointed that almost all the households had access to improved water supply and quite large of them are unimproved toilet facility [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Community Led Total Sanitation Achievements and Its Associated Factors in Rural Kebeles of Adama Woreda, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Tuli¹

2017

SJPH

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Ethiopia has made important improvement concerning entire water, sanitation and hygiene access in the past era on the other hand still significant problems present which varies from rural to urban. Due to limited access to safe water, inadequate sanitation and hygiene services, 60-80% preventable communicable diseases attributed in the country.For controlling, community led total sanitation program introduced in 2013. This is aimed to assess community led total sanitation achievements and its associated factors in rural kebeles. A cross-sectional study with cluster, probability proportion and simple random sampling techniques employed to collect data from 604 households. Data were collected through interview and observational checklist. The study revealed that, only 51(8.6%) respondents answered community led total sanitation achieved. Sex (AOR=4.72, 95% CI =1.09-8.48, p=0.01), monthly income (AOR=2.00, 95% CI=1.09-3.69, p=0.03), open dump in the yard (AOR=2.03, 95% CI = 1.11-3.72, p=0.005) and triggering step (AOR=3.54, 95% CI = 1.41-8.89, p=0.003) significantly allied to community led total sanitation achievement. This finding concluded that, community led total sanitation achievement in the study areas were very lower than the areas posted open defecation free. Health workers, community representatives and local authorities must give special emphasis to improve the coverage.

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“…The duration of handwashing or handscrubbing was not considered, because growing evidence suggests that it is less relevant for handwashing effectiveness. [31][32][33] Thoroughness of …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextual and Psychosocial Determinants of Effective Handwashing Technique: Recommendations for Interventions from a Case Study in Harare, Zimbabwe

Friedrich

Binkert

Mosler

2017

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Handwashing has been shown to considerably reduce diarrhea morbidity and mortality. To decontaminate hands effectively, the use of running water, soap, and various scrubbing steps are recommended. This study aims to identify the behavioral determinants of effective handwashing. Everyday handwashing technique of 434 primary caregivers in high-density suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe, was observed and measured as an 8-point sum score of effective handwashing technique. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to predict observed handwashing technique from potential contextual and psychosocial determinants. Knowledge of how to wash hands effectively, availability of a handwashing station with functioning water tap, self-reported frequency of handwashing, perceived vulnerability, and action planning were the main determinants of effective handwashing technique. The models were able to explain 39% and 36% of the variance in overall handwashing technique and thoroughness of handscrubbing. Memory aids and guided practice are proposed to consolidate action knowledge, and personalized risk messages should increase the perceived vulnerability of contracting diarrhea. Planning where, when, and how to maintain a designated place for handwashing with sufficient soap and water is proposed to increase action planning. Since frequent self-reported handwashing was associated with performing more effective handwashing technique, behavior change interventions should target both handwashing frequency and technique concurrently.

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Microbiological Evaluation of the Efficacy of Soapy Water to Clean Hands: A Randomized, Non-Inferiority Field Trial

Cited by 63 publications

References 38 publications

Observed Practices and Perceived Advantages of Different Hand Cleansing Agents in Rural Bangladesh: Ash, Soil, and Soap

Observed Practices and Perceived Advantages of Different Hand Cleansing Agents in Rural Bangladesh: Ash, Soil, and Soap

Assessment of Community Led Total Sanitation Achievements and Its Associated Factors in Rural Kebeles of Adama Woreda, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Contextual and Psychosocial Determinants of Effective Handwashing Technique: Recommendations for Interventions from a Case Study in Harare, Zimbabwe

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