Microbially mediated fossil concretions and their characterization by the latest methodologies: a review

Abstract

The study of well-preserved organic matter (OM) within mineral concretions has provided key insights into depositional and environmental conditions in deep time. Concretions of varied compositions, including carbonate, phosphate, and iron-based minerals, have been found to host exceptionally preserved fossils. Organic geochemical characterization of concretion-encapsulated OM promises valuable new information of fossil preservation, paleoenvironments, and even direct taxonomic information to further illuminate the evolutionary dynamics of our planet and its biota. Full exploitation of this largely untapped geochemical archive, however, requires a sophisticated understanding of the prevalence, formation controls and OM sequestration properties of mineral concretions. Past research has led to the proposal of different models of concretion formation and OM preservation. Nevertheless, the formation mechanisms and controls on OM preservation in concretions remain poorly understood. Here we provide a detailed review of the main types of concretions and formation pathways with a focus on the role of microbes and their metabolic activities. In addition, we provide a comprehensive account of organic geochemical, and complimentary inorganic geochemical, morphological, microbial and paleontological, analytical methods, including recent advancements, relevant to the characterization of concretions and sequestered OM. The application and outcome of several early organic geochemical studies of concretion-impregnated OM are included to demonstrate how this underexploited geo-biological record can provide new insights into the Earth’s evolutionary record. This paper also attempts to shed light on the current status of this research and major challenges that lie ahead in the further application of geo-paleo-microbial and organic geochemical research of concretions and their host fossils. Recent efforts to bridge the knowledge and communication gaps in this multidisciplinary research area are also discussed, with particular emphasis on research with significance for interpreting the molecular record in extraordinarily preserved fossils.

A Journey into the Evolution of Human Host-Oral Microbiome Relationship through Ancient Dental Calculus: A Scoping Review

“…The study of ancient microorganisms, applied to humans, helps to reconstruct the evolution of populations based on their lifestyle and environment and on contact with infectious agents and related diseases [1][2][3][4]. This assumption applies very well to the study of the human microbiome, in particular the oral one, detectable in ancient dental remains [5][6][7].…”

“…It is rich in microorganisms which can form biofilms, enabling intensive inter-and intra-species interactions such as cooperation and competition like the oral environment and, consequentially, like the dental calculus [27]. Standardised collecting and sampling procedures, combined decontamination practices (UV, NaClO and EDTA treatments), adequate preservation, and sequencing, will improve the acquisition of high-quality data distinguishing host-associated microbiome from environmental contaminants [1,4,6]. Dental caries is a multifactorial non-communicable disease influenced by the host diet and arising from acid tolerating-bacteria especially from the genera Streptococcus (S. mutans, S. sobrinus) and Lactobacillus, which lead to progressive enamel demineralisation [28].…”

Enzymatic phosphatization of fish scales—a pathway for fish fossilization

“…As shown in the fossil record, near-complete mineralization in apatite of fish has occurred several times in Earth’s history 1 – 4 . However, various studies highlight the importance of the role of microbes and their activities in soft tissue preservation 15 , 31 . Thus, microbes could also be important in organic tissue preservation such as fish scales.…”