Microbial Transglutaminase Production: Understanding the Mechanism

Abstract

Microbial transglutaminase is an important enzyme in food processing for improving protein properties by catalyzing the cross-linking of proteins. Recently, this enzyme has been shown to exhibit wider potential application in tissue engineering, textiles and leather processing, site-specific protein conjugation and wheat gluten allergy reduction. The production of microbial transglutaminase has been significantly improved thanks to advances in bioprocess engineering and genetic engineering during the last three decades. More recently, studies on the biological mechanism of transglutaminase synthesis have further contributed towards the understanding of microbial transglutaminase production by Streptomyces. This will further facilitate improving the production of recombinant microbial transglutaminase. In this paper, we will review the progress in bioprocess engineering and genetic engineering in microbial transglutaminase production. We will highlight our understanding of the biological mechanisms of microbial transglutaminase synthesis, including biotechno-s of microbial transglutaminase synthesis, including biotechno-of microbial transglutaminase synthesis, including biotechno-of microbial transglutaminase synthesis, including biotechno-microbial transglutaminase synthesis, including biotechno-transglutaminase synthesis, including biotechno-, including biotechnological approaches used based on these biological mechanisms as a way of improving transglutaminase production.We address in addition the future research needs for microbial transglutaminase production.

MICROBIAL TRANSGLUTAMINASE OF INDONESIAN Streptomyces sp. : Screening and Production in several media

“…Other factors that may affect microbial growth and their metabolite products are sal t types or trace el ements and their concentrations and process conditions, including pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, etc. Zhang et al (2009) found that transglutaminase secretion is also associated with Streptomcyes differentiation.…”

“…Transglutaminase activity varies depending on strain, culture medium, and cultivating condition. These strains have been used for industrial MTGase producer (Zhang et al, 2009). …”

“…Furthermore, Zotzel et al (2003) found that endogenous protease could also activ ate S. mobaerensis MTGase. According to Zhang et al (2009) differentiation, in which it is secreted and activated during the differentiation event. As revealed in this study, the TTA 02 SDS 14 cultivated in liquid ISP2 medium for 5 days exhibited higher MTGase activity compared to that cultivated in the same medium for shorter days of incubation (data was not shown).…”

Enhancement of microbial transglutaminase production from

“…Accordingly, researchers are focused on enhancement of the production of MTGase by using Streptomyces species in terms of factors affecting enzyme activity such as substrate optimization, metabolic optimization, and extrinsic factors (pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature etc.). Altering the parameters about fermentation may cause to increase the enzyme activity and hereby increasing the enzyme activity may lower the costs of the production [14]. Because of consideration in the usage of MTGase will become popular, in this study enhancement of MTGase production was investigated in terms of creating a model for future studies.…”

pH-Dependent Activation of Streptomyces hygroscopicus Transglutaminase Mediated by Intein

“…Subsequently, a growing number of MTGs from different microbial species were identified. Several pro-MTGs from Streptomyces have been expressed in Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Streptomyces lividans, and methylotrophic yeasts (11). However, an additional protease is required to activate pro-MTG.…”