“…The reported delay times in use in the studies reviewed here ranged from 0.2 s with a 30° pulse (Colpo Gatiboni et al, 2005;Rückamp et al, 2010) to 65 s with a 90° pulse (Bünemann et al, 2008a(Bünemann et al, , 2008c. Only a handful of studies reported measuring T 1 for their samples, although they did not necessarily report the measured T 1 values (Lehmann et al, 2005;Smernik and Dougherty, 2007;Dougherty et al, 2007;Doolette et al, 2009Doolette et al, , 2010Doolette et al, , 2011aDoolette et al, , 2011bBünemann et al, 2008aBünemann et al, , 2008bBünemann et al, , 2008cHamdan et al, 2012) or used the ratio of P/(Fe + Mn) established by .…”
Section: Delay Times and Pulse Lengthsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Only a handful of studies reported measuring T 1 for their samples, although they did not necessarily report the measured T 1 values (Lehmann et al, 2005;Smernik and Dougherty, 2007;Dougherty et al, 2007;Doolette et al, 2009Doolette et al, , 2010Doolette et al, , 2011aDoolette et al, , 2011bBünemann et al, 2008aBünemann et al, , 2008bBünemann et al, , 2008cHamdan et al, 2012) or used the ratio of P/(Fe + Mn) established by . While there have been detailed examinations of extractants and various preand post-treatments (e.g., Briceño et al, 2006;Turner, 2008), these studies did not assess whether any changes in the NMR parameters such as delay times might also be needed, although Cade-Menun et al (2002) clearly showed that the choice of extractant will affect T 1 .…”
“…The reported delay times in use in the studies reviewed here ranged from 0.2 s with a 30° pulse (Colpo Gatiboni et al, 2005;Rückamp et al, 2010) to 65 s with a 90° pulse (Bünemann et al, 2008a(Bünemann et al, , 2008c. Only a handful of studies reported measuring T 1 for their samples, although they did not necessarily report the measured T 1 values (Lehmann et al, 2005;Smernik and Dougherty, 2007;Dougherty et al, 2007;Doolette et al, 2009Doolette et al, , 2010Doolette et al, , 2011aDoolette et al, , 2011bBünemann et al, 2008aBünemann et al, , 2008bBünemann et al, , 2008cHamdan et al, 2012) or used the ratio of P/(Fe + Mn) established by .…”
Section: Delay Times and Pulse Lengthsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Only a handful of studies reported measuring T 1 for their samples, although they did not necessarily report the measured T 1 values (Lehmann et al, 2005;Smernik and Dougherty, 2007;Dougherty et al, 2007;Doolette et al, 2009Doolette et al, , 2010Doolette et al, , 2011aDoolette et al, , 2011bBünemann et al, 2008aBünemann et al, , 2008bBünemann et al, , 2008cHamdan et al, 2012) or used the ratio of P/(Fe + Mn) established by . While there have been detailed examinations of extractants and various preand post-treatments (e.g., Briceño et al, 2006;Turner, 2008), these studies did not assess whether any changes in the NMR parameters such as delay times might also be needed, although Cade-Menun et al (2002) clearly showed that the choice of extractant will affect T 1 .…”
“…One is that much of the P in green or senesced plant material is actually inorganic P and not organic P (Bromfield and Jones 1972;Martin and Cunningham 1973), so that release of P is not a true mineralisation reaction brought about by microbial decomposition of OM, and hence does not require a critical C:P ratio. Secondly, unlike N, microorganisms are able to store inorganic P in their cells as condensed phosphates if availability is high (Khoshmanesh et al 2002;Bunemann et al 2008) so that release of inorganic P above a critical C:P ratio for microbial growth is variable. The chemical nature of accumulated P in soils Several techniques have been developed to determine P speciation in soils and there have been many studies directed toward determining the chemical nature of P accumulated in soil through P fertilisation.…”
Section: Organic Phosphorus Mineralisation and Immobilisation Reactionsmentioning
Many agricultural soils worldwide in their natural state are deficient in phosphorus (P), and the production of healthy agricultural crops has required the regular addition of P fertilisers. In cropping systems, P accumulates almost predominantly in inorganic forms in soil, associated with aluminium, calcium and iron. In pasture soils, P accumulates in both inorganic and organic forms, but the chemical nature of much organic P is still unresolved. The P use efficiency (PUE) of fertilisers is generally low in the year of application, but residual effectiveness is important, highlighting the importance of soil P testing prior to fertiliser use. With increasing costs of P fertiliser, various technologies have been suggested to improve PUE, but few have provided solid field evidence for efficacy. Fluid fertilisers have been demonstrated under field conditions to increase PUE on highly calcareous soils. Slow release P products have been demonstrated to improve PUE in soils where leaching is important. Modification of soil chemistry around the fertiliser granule or fluid injection point also offers promise for increasing PUE, but is less well validated. Better placement of P, even into subsoils, also offers promise to increase PUE in both cropping and pasture systems.
AbbreviationsDAP diammonium phosphate DCPD dicalcium phosphate dihydrate EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetate MAP monoammonium phosphate MCP monocalcium phosphate NMR nuclear magnetic resonance OM organic matter P phosphorus P i inorganic P P o organic P PUE P use efficiency RPR reactive phosphate rock TSP triple superphosphate XANES x-ray absorption near-edge structure Plant Soil (
“…When added to soil, orthophosphate is either sequestered into forms that are not immediately available to plants (McLaughlin et al, 2011). Other forms of inorganic phosphorus commonly found in soil include pyrophosphate and polyphosphate which could be associated with high levels of microorganisms' activity (Makarov et al, 2005;Bünemann et al, 2008). Organic phosphorus generally accounts for 30% to 65% of the total P in soils.…”
Investigations on phosphorus (P) distribution in a naturally acid and limed moraine loam, Bathypogleyic Dystric Glossic Retisol were conducted in a site of a long-term experiment at the Vėžaičiai Branch of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in 2008 and 2011. The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of different phosphorus forms and fractions in naturally acid soil limed for a long time (62 years). During this study different amounts (18.4 and 104.9 t ha -1 ) of lime materials were incorporated into the soil and affected the formation of two soil pH KCl levels -acidic (5.6) and near to neutral (6.7). Seven different organic and mineral phosphate fractions and plant-available phosphorus were determined in the soil. The long-term soil liming was found to have no significant effect on the total P content and its distribution, but caused the changes in the proportions between the different phosphorus forms. Major part of mineral (74.02-83.68%) and organic (88.9-93.8%) P was composed of Al and Fe phosphates. Soil liming using ×2.0 liming rates every 3-4 years influenced a significant increase of the phosphates (AlPO 4 and Al(Fe)PO 4 ) little-available to plants obtained by the second cycle of extraction. It was determined that when soil pH becomes near to neutral, water soluble and plant-available P increases compared to its value measured at native pH. Increase of soil pH KCl till 6.7 had a significant effect on the amount of little plant-available Ca phosphates and less soluble organic phosphorus fraction amount in soil. The relatively optimal amounts of phosphorus fractions available for plants were determined in the soil with a pH KCl of 5.6, achieved by liming with a 0.5 rate every 7 years.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.