Microbial synthesis of functional odd-chain fatty acids: a review

Zhang, Lin-Shang; Liang, Shan; Zong, Min‐Hua; Yang, Juan; Lou, Wen‐Yong

doi:10.1007/s11274-020-02814-5

Cited by 50 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…It is generally accepted that mammals do not synthesize fatty acids with an odd number of carbons de novo. Therefore, these fatty acids are most likely obtained from a plant-based food diet [30,31]. In control experiments employing phosphorylated forms of the predominant retinal phosphatidylinositols PI(4)P 18:0/20:4 (PIP 38:4) and PI(4,5)P2 18:0/20:4 (PIP2 38:4) as standards, we confirmed that these species are detected as single ions in negative mode (Figure 2c).…”

Section: Fatty Acid Composition Of Major Retinal Phosphoinositidessupporting

confidence: 67%

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Phosphoinositide Profile of the Mouse Retina

Finkelstein

Gospe

Schuhmann

et al. 2020

Cells

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Phosphoinositides are known to play multiple roles in eukaryotic cells. Although dysregulation of phosphoinositide metabolism in the retina has been reported to cause visual dysfunction in animal models and human patients, our understanding of the phosphoinositide composition of the retina is limited. Here, we report a characterization of the phosphoinositide profile of the mouse retina and an analysis of the subcellular localization of major phosphorylated phosphoinositide forms in light-sensitive photoreceptor neurons. Using chromatography of deacylated phosphatidylinositol headgroups, we established PI(4,5)P2 and PI(4)P as two major phosphorylated phosphoinositides in the retina. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we revealed 18:0/20:4 and 16:0/20:4 as major fatty-acyl chains of retinal phosphoinositides. Finally, analysis of fluorescent phosphoinositide sensors in rod photoreceptors demonstrated distinct subcellular distribution patterns of major phosphoinositides. The PI(4,5)P2 reporter was enriched in the inner segments and synapses, but was barely detected in the light-sensitive outer segments. The PI(4)P reporter was mostly found in the outer and inner segments and the areas around nuclei, but to a lesser degree in the synaptic region. These findings provide support for future mechanistic studies defining the biological significance of major mono- (PI(4)P) and bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) phosphatidylinositols in photoreceptor biology and retinal health.

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Section: Fatty Acid Composition Of Major Retinal Phosphoinositidessupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphoinositide Profile of the Mouse Retina

Finkelstein

Gospe

Schuhmann

et al. 2020

Cells

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“…This is the first report showing that the content ratio of odd‐chain fatty acids increases during methylotrophic growth of the yeast. K. phaffii may biosynthesize C17 fatty acids from C18 species through α‐oxidation in methanol‐grown cells, as other yeasts do (Zhang et al, 2020), because the expression of a putative MPO1 gene (PAS_chr2‐1_0365) encoding 2‐hydroxy fatty acid dioxygenase involved in α‐oxidation was upregulated in methanol‐grown cells (unpublished data). However, we could not identify the physiological function of C17 fatty acids that would make them advantageous under methanol‐growth conditions, although in human cells it has been reported that C17 fatty acids have functions related to mitochondrial repair (Venn‐Watson et al, 2020; Zhang et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fatty acid composition of the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii grown under low‐ and high‐methanol conditions

Peng-li

Takashima

Fujita

et al. 2021

Yeast

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In this study, we analysed the intracellular fatty acid profiles of Komagataella phaffii during methylotrophic growth. K. phaffii grown on methanol had significantly lower total fatty acid contents in the cells compared with glucose‐grown cells. C18 and C16 fatty acids were the predominant fatty acids in K. phaffii, although the contents of odd‐chain fatty acids such as C17 fatty acids were also relatively high. Moreover, the intracellular fatty acid composition of K. phaffii changed in response to not only carbon sources but also methanol concentrations: C17 fatty acids and C18:2 content increased significantly as methanol concentration increased, whereas C18:1 and C18:3 contents were significantly lower in methanol‐grown cells. The intracellular content of unidentified compounds (CnH2nO4), on the other hand, was significantly greater in cells grown on methanol. As the intracellular contents of these CnH2nO4 compounds were significantly higher in a gene‐disrupted strain for glutathione peroxidase (gpx1Δ) than in the wild‐type strain, we presume that the CnH2nO4 compounds are fatty acid peroxides. These results indicate that K. phaffii can coordinate intracellular fatty acid composition during methylotrophic growth in order to adapt to high‐methanol conditions and that certain fatty acid species such as C17:0, C17:1, C17:2 and C18:2 may be related to the physiological functions by which K. phaffii adapts to high‐methanol conditions.

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“…After external carbon sources being converted into acetyl-CoA, it can be directly used as initiation blocks or transformed to propionyl-CoA, acetyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP), and propionyl-ACP for initiation. The initiation pattern determines the odd or even carbon chain of the produced FACs ( Supplementary Figure 1 ; Dellomonaco et al, 2011 ; Park et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Systems Engineering Strategies For Biosynthetic Pathway Optimentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities and Challenges for Microbial Synthesis of Fatty Acid-Derived Chemicals (FACs)

Liu

Benitez

Chen

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Global warming and uneven distribution of fossil fuels worldwide concerns have spurred the development of alternative, renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly resources. From an engineering perspective, biosynthesis of fatty acid-derived chemicals (FACs) is an attractive and promising solution to produce chemicals from abundant renewable feedstocks and carbon dioxide in microbial chassis. However, several factors limit the viability of this process. This review first summarizes the types of FACs and their widely applications. Next, we take a deep look into the microbial platform to produce FACs, give an outlook for the platform development. Then we discuss the bottlenecks in metabolic pathways and supply possible solutions correspondingly. Finally, we highlight the most recent advances in the fast-growing model-based strain design for FACs biosynthesis.

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Microbial synthesis of functional odd-chain fatty acids: a review

Cited by 50 publications

References 46 publications

Phosphoinositide Profile of the Mouse Retina

Phosphoinositide Profile of the Mouse Retina

Fatty acid composition of the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii grown under low‐ and high‐methanol conditions

Opportunities and Challenges for Microbial Synthesis of Fatty Acid-Derived Chemicals (FACs)

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