Microbial Synthesis and Transformation of Inorganic and Organic Chlorine Compounds

Atashgahi, Siavash; Liebensteiner, Martin G.; Janssen, Dick B.; Smidt, Hauke; Stams, Alfons Johannes Maria; Sipkema, Detmer

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03079

Cited by 52 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 260 publications

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“…The chlorination of soil organic matter is primarily believed to be driven by biotic processes, but also include abiotic processes (Atashgahi et al 2018a(Atashgahi et al , 2018b). The capability of chlorination among various groups of organisms are widespread including bacteria, fungi, and vascular plants is widespread (Clutterbuck et al 1940;Hunter et al 1987;de Jong and Field 1997;Öberg 2002;Bengtson et al 2009;Bengtson et al 2013).…”

Section: Org Levels In Plant Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Substantial chlorination of organic matter occurs in all types of soils from agricultural soils to forest soils (Gustavsson et al 2012;Redon et al 2013), and large spatial variability has been observed (Johansson et al 2003a, b). A large diversity or organisms harbour enzymatic capacity for chlorination and several hypotheses regarding the reasons for and regulation of the extensive natural chlorination have been proposed, but their verification is not yet conclusive (Bengtson et al 2009;Bengtson et al 2013;Atashgahi et al 2018a). Montelius et al (2015) observed extensive accumulation of Cl org in upper soil layers over 30 years in coniferous forests, while the accumulation was lower in deciduous forests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiotracer evidence that the rhizosphere is a hot-spot for chlorination of soil organic matter

et al. 2019

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Aims The ubiquitous and extensive natural chlorination of organic matter in soils, leading to levels of chlorinated soil organic matter that often exceed the levels of chloride, remains mysterious in terms of its causes and regulation. While the composition of plant species and the availability of labile organic matter was recently shown to be important, the physical localization of chlorination in soils remains unclear but is a key for understanding regulation and patterns observed. Here we assess the relative importance of organic matter chlorination in (a) bulk soil, (b) the plant roots plus the rhizosphere zone surrounding the roots, and (c) above-ground plant biomass, in an experimental plant-soil system.Methods A radiotracer, 36 Cl, was added to study translocation and transformations of Cl − and Cl org in agricultural soil with and without wheat (Triticum vulgare) over 50 days.Results The specific chlorination rates (the fraction of the added 36 Cl − converted to 36 Cl org per day) in soil with plants was much higher (0.02 d −1 ) than without plants (0.0007 d −1 ) at peak growth (day 25). The plant root and rhizosphere showed much higher formation of 36 Cl org than the bulk soil, suggesting that the rhizosphere is a hotspot for chlorination in the soil. In addition, the treatment with plants displayed a rapid and high plant uptake of Cl − . Conclusions Our results indicate that the rhizosphere harbour the most extensive in-situ chlorination process in soil and that root-soil interaction may be key for terrestrial chlorine cycling.

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Section: Org Levels In Plant Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiotracer evidence that the rhizosphere is a hot-spot for chlorination of soil organic matter

et al. 2019

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“…The chlorine cycle consists of the biological, geological, and chemical processes that interconvert organic and inorganic chlorine compounds (Atashgahi et al 2018). Chlorine oxyanions are a group of inorganic chlorine compounds of particular interest in biology due to their high reduction potentials (E 0’ > 0.7 V) (Liebensteiner et al 2016, McCullough and Hazen 2003, Winterbourn 2008, Youngblut et al 2016b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a parasitic symbiosis between respiratory metabolisms in the biogeochemical chlorine cycle

Barnum¹,

Cheng

Hill³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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15A key step in the chlorine cycle is the reduction of perchlorate (ClO 4 -) and chlorate (ClO 3 -) to 16 chloride by microbial respiratory pathways. Perchlorate-reducing bacteria and chlorate-reducing 17 bacteria differ in that the latter cannot use perchlorate, the most oxidized chlorine compound. 18However, a recent study identified a bacterium with the chlorate reduction pathway dominating a 19 community provided only perchlorate. Here we confirm a metabolic interaction between 20 perchlorate-and chlorate-reducing bacteria and define its mechanism. Perchlorate-reducing 21 bacteria supported the growth of chlorate-reducing bacteria to up to 90% of total cells in 22 communities and co-cultures. Chlorate-reducing bacteria required the gene for chlorate reductase 23 to grow in co-culture with perchlorate-reducing bacteria, demonstrating that chlorate is 24 responsible for the interaction, not the subsequent intermediates chlorite and oxygen. Modeling of 25 the interaction suggested that cells specialized for chlorate reduction have a competitive 26 advantage for consuming chlorate produced from perchlorate, especially at high concentrations of 27 perchlorate, because perchlorate and chlorate compete for a single enzyme in perchlorate-28 reducing cells. We conclude that perchlorate-reducing bacteria inadvertently support large 29 populations of chlorate-reducing bacteria in a parasitic relationship through the release of the 30 intermediate chlorate. An implication of these findings is that undetected chlorate-reducing 31 bacteria have likely negatively impacted efforts to bioremediate perchlorate pollution for decades. 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3

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“…Thus, many pharmaceutical and agrochemical compounds as well as polymers are halogenated (Bolton et al, 2011;Lu et al, 2012;Jeschke, 2013), such as the commercially important antibiotics chloramphenicol, vancomycin and teicoplanin (Van Pée & Zehner, 2003). In nature, halogens including chloride, bromide, fluoride or iodide get attached to organic molecular scaffolds by halogenase enzymes, which have been detected in fungi, bacteria and algae from terrestrial and marine environments (Atashgahi et al, 2018;Latham et al, 2018). While marine enzymes preferentially halogenate with bromide (Neubauer et al, 2018), chlorinated compounds are regularly detected in terrestrial sources (Latham et al, 2018).…”

Section: Bioactive Compounds and The Role Of Halogenase Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and biotechnological aspects of Aplysina-associated microorganisms

Gutleben¹

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Marine sponges are a prolific source of novel enzymes with promising biotechnological potential. Especially halogenases, which are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of brominated and chlorinated secondary metabolites, possess interesting properties towards the production of pharmaceuticals that are often halogenated. In this study we used a PCR-based screening to simultaneously examine and compare the richness and diversity of putative tryptophan halogenase protein sequences and bacterial community structures of six Aplysina species from the Mediterranean and Caribbean seas. At the phylum level bacterial community composition was similar amongst all investigated species and predominated by Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria. We detected four phylogenetically diverse clades of putative tryptophan halogenase protein sequences, which were only distantly related to previously reported halogenases. The Mediterranean species A. aerophoba harbored unique halogenase sequences, of which the most predominant was related to a sponge-associated Psychrobacter-derived sequence. In contrast, the Caribbean species shared numerous novel halogenase sequence variants and exhibited a highly similar bacterial community composition at the OTU level. Correlations of relative abundances of halogenases with those of bacterial taxa suggest that prominent sponge symbiotic bacteria including Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria are putative producers of the detected enzymes and may thus contribute to the chemical defense of their host.

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Microbial Synthesis and Transformation of Inorganic and Organic Chlorine Compounds

Cited by 52 publications

References 260 publications

Radiotracer evidence that the rhizosphere is a hot-spot for chlorination of soil organic matter

Radiotracer evidence that the rhizosphere is a hot-spot for chlorination of soil organic matter

Identification of a parasitic symbiosis between respiratory metabolisms in the biogeochemical chlorine cycle

Ecological and biotechnological aspects of Aplysina-associated microorganisms

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