MICROBIAL STUDIES IN THE BIOSTACK EXPERIMENT OF THE APOLLO 16 MISSION: GERMINATION AND OUTGROWTH OF SINGLE Bacillus subtilis SPORES HIT BY COSMIC HZE PARTICLES

Horneck, G.; Facius, R.; Enge, W.; Beaujean, R.; Bartholomä, K.-P.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-021783-3.50014-3

Cited by 30 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…One solution to this problem is to send payloads to destinations outside Earth's magnetosphere. An example of this is the pair of Biostack experiments that were carried into lunar orbit on the NASA Apollo 16 and 17 missions (Horneck et al, 1974;Bü cker et al, 1984). Another solution is to launch a satellite into a highinclination orbit that includes frequent, typically brief, excursions into comparatively weak regions of Earth's magnetic field as it passes over the north and south magnetic poles or the South Atlantic Anomaly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The O/OREOS Mission: First Science Data from the Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) Payload

et al. 2011

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We report the first telemetered spaceflight science results from the orbiting Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) experiment, executed by one of the two 10 cm cube-format payloads aboard the 5.5 kg Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses (O/OREOS) free-flying nanosatellite. The O/OREOS spacecraft was launched successfully to a 72° inclination, 650 km Earth orbit on 19 November 2010. This satellite provides access to the radiation environment of space in relatively weak regions of Earth's protective magnetosphere as it passes close to the north and south magnetic poles; the total dose rate is about 15 times that in the orbit of the International Space Station. The SESLO experiment measures the long-term survival, germination, and growth responses, including metabolic activity, of Bacillus subtilis spores exposed to the microgravity, ionizing radiation, and heavy-ion bombardment of its high-inclination orbit. Six microwells containing wild-type (168) and six more containing radiation-sensitive mutant (WN1087) strains of dried B. subtilis spores were rehydrated with nutrient medium after 14 days in space to allow the spores to germinate and grow. Similarly, the same distribution of organisms in a different set of microwells was rehydrated with nutrient medium after 97 days in space. The nutrient medium included the redox dye Alamar blue, which changes color in response to cellular metabolic activity. Three-color transmitted intensity measurements of all microwells were telemetered to Earth within days of each of the 48 h growth experiments. We report here on the evaluation and interpretation of these spaceflight data in comparison to delayed-synchronous laboratory ground control experiments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The O/OREOS Mission: First Science Data from the Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) Payload

et al. 2011

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“…The spore has also been seriously considered as an ideal package for the transmission of DNA beyond Earth. Since the 1960s, spores of Bacillaceae have been deliberately sent into low Earth orbit on various shortand long-duration missions (41,174), and even into lunar orbit on the Apollo 16 and 17 missions (175). Furthermore, it is almost certain that spores have been launched as inadvertent contaminants of spacecraft and, to date, probably (i) have reached the surface of the Moon and Mars; (ii) are orbiting Jupiter and Saturn; and (iii) are on the verge of leaving our solar system entirely on the spacecraft Voyagers 1 and 2 (176).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution in the Bacillaceae

2014

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The family Bacillaceae constitutes a phenotypically diverse and globally ubiquitous assemblage of bacteria. Investigation into how evolution has shaped, and continues to shape, this family has relied on several widely ranging approaches from classical taxonomy, ecological field studies, and evolution in soil microcosms to genomic-scale phylogenetics, laboratory, and directed evolution experiments. One unifying characteristic of the Bacillaceae, the endospore, poses unique challenges to answering questions regarding both the calculation of evolutionary rates and claims of extreme longevity in ancient environmental samples.

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“…T4 bacteriophages growing in close vicinity (about 1 mm 2 ) to an HZE impact showed a 14-fold increase in mutation frequency [ASTP mission (17)]. Bacillus subtilis spores (Apollo 16 and 17) showed normal germination rates, but the formation of the first mature vegetative cell was significantly reduced in spores hit by an HZE particle (18). Very close to an impact (4 m) the spores were inactivated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromosome mechanics of fungi under spaceflight conditions—tetrad analysis of two‐factor crosses between spore color mutants ofSordaria macrospora

Hahn

Hock

1999

FASEB j.

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Spore color mutants of the fungus Sordaria macrospora Auersw. were crossed under spaceflight conditions on the space shuttle to MIR mission S/MM 05 (STS‐81). The arrangement of spores of different colors in the asci allowed conclusions on the influence of spaceflight conditions on sexual recombination in fungi. Experiments on a 1‐g centrifuge in space and in parallel on the ground were used for controls. The samples were analyzed microscopically on their return to earth. Each fruiting body was assessed separately. Statistical analysis of the data showed a significant increase in gene recombination frequencies caused by the heavy ion particle stream in space radiation. The lack of gravity did not influence crossing‐over frequencies. Hyphae of the flown samples were assessed for DNA strand breaks. No increase in damage was found compared with the ground samples. It was shown that S. macrospora is able to repair radiation‐induced DNA strand breaks within hours.—Hahn, A., Hock, B. Chromosome mechanics of fungi under spaceflight conditions—tetrad analysis of two‐factor crosses between spore color mutants of Sordaria macrospora. FASEB J. 13 (Suppl.), S149–S156 (1999)

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MICROBIAL STUDIES IN THE BIOSTACK EXPERIMENT OF THE APOLLO 16 MISSION: GERMINATION AND OUTGROWTH OF SINGLE Bacillus subtilis SPORES HIT BY COSMIC HZE PARTICLES

Cited by 30 publications

References 4 publications

The O/OREOS Mission: First Science Data from the Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) Payload

The O/OREOS Mission: First Science Data from the Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) Payload

Evolution in the Bacillaceae

Chromosome mechanics of fungi under spaceflight conditions—tetrad analysis of two‐factor crosses between spore color mutants ofSordaria macrospora

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