Microbial Resistance to Antibiotics and Effective Antibiotherapy

Chiș, Adriana Aurelia; Rus, Luca Liviu; Morgovan, Claudiu; Arseniu, Anca Maria; Frum, Adina; Vonica-Țincu, Andreea Loredana; Gligor, Felicia Gabriela; Mureșan, Maria Lucia; Dobrea, Carmen Maximiliana

doi:10.3390/biomedicines10051121

Cited by 29 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 312 publications

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“…Intrinsic resistance refers to the cellular and genetic regulation of expression of some antibiotic-inactivating enzymes, cell permeability and efflux of drugs [1]. But acquired and adaptive resistance require external assistance or stimuli since the former includes horizontal gene transfer from other species and genetic mutations and the latter is the gradual change of bacterial protein expression and phenotypes over a continuous exposure to antibiotics or other environmental stress factors [7]. Despite the structural differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, some of their resistance mechanisms are in common (Figure 1), both of them can breakdown or modify antibiotics or reduce affinity or susceptibility of the drug target via enzymatic activities and the genes encoding the resistant enzymes can exist in a plasmid and are transferred from other bacteria via conjugation, transformation or transduction [7].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…But acquired and adaptive resistance require external assistance or stimuli since the former includes horizontal gene transfer from other species and genetic mutations and the latter is the gradual change of bacterial protein expression and phenotypes over a continuous exposure to antibiotics or other environmental stress factors [7]. Despite the structural differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, some of their resistance mechanisms are in common (Figure 1), both of them can breakdown or modify antibiotics or reduce affinity or susceptibility of the drug target via enzymatic activities and the genes encoding the resistant enzymes can exist in a plasmid and are transferred from other bacteria via conjugation, transformation or transduction [7]. Additionally, outer membrane proteins of Gram-negative bacteria such as porins allow the passage of small molecules that can be the potential entrance for hydrophilic antibiotics, so mutations or downregulation of porins allow AMR [8].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms: using examples from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Xiao

2023

Second International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science (ICBioMed 2022)

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The discovery of antibiotics has undoubtedly helped humans in the battle against bacteria, but the artificial misuse of antibiotics in our industries and medical systems has unintentionally provided the ideal environmental stress for bacteria to exploit and exchange their potential resistance genes through mutations and gene transfer respectively, resulting in the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and the ineffectiveness of various antibiotics. To date, this has proven to be an urgent and important issue to the global healthcare system, resulting in increasing death cases. Therefore, more and more resources are invested to study their different resistant mechanisms and develop corresponding novel drugs and treatment methods. This review briefly introduces several key resistance mechanisms with examples of both Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacteria, the current and further methods for treating multiple drug-resistant bacteria and the potential actions that could be done to improve the situation.

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Section: Antimicrobial Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Antimicrobial Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms: using examples from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Xiao

2023

Second International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science (ICBioMed 2022)

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“…The widespread resistance mechanism of CRKP is the production of KCP carbapenamse; KCP-2, especially, is epidemic in our country [11]. In addition, typical carbapenemases include metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs) and OXA-type β-lactamases, with the OXA enzyme being more commonly seen in CRAB [12,13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Central Nervous System Infection Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with Colistin Sulfate Intravenously and Intrathecally: A Case Report

et al. 2022

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Background: Due to the blood–brain barrier and limited antibiotic choices, polymyxin is currently the first-line agent for the treatment of central nervous system infections (CNSIs) caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB). Colistin sulfate, as a polymyxin E different from CMS, is used in Chinese clinics, and there are limited reports on its use in the treatment of CNSIs. Case Presentation: This case describes a 76-year-old man who underwent complex neurosurgery for cervical spinal stenosis. Postoperatively, the patient developed a fever and a poorly healed surgical wound. Numerous blood routine tests, inflammatory markers, pathogenic tests of cervical secretions, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and sputum were sent for diagnosis. After empirical antimicrobial treatments failed, the CSF and wound pus cultured carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. The regimen was adjusted to colistin sulfate intravenously and intrathecal injection combined with tigecycline. In addition, the management of infection foci, including continuous lumbar pool drain, cervical 3–5 internal fixation removal with cervical 1–6 spine dilation, CSF leak repair, and right thigh broad fasciotomy, were performed. After treatment, the patient was discharged with multiple sets of negative CSF cultures and the infection under control. Conclusions: For CNSIs caused by MDR-GNB, the selection of colistin sulfate for intravenous and topical combination treatment is a viable choice.

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“…Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), is the potency of microbes to become resistant to famous antibiotics. 1 AMR is an emerging global threat; it increases mortality and morbidity and strains healthcare systems. 2 The current antimicrobial profile studies have proved that bacteria can cause infections to become resistant to different groups of antibiotics, world health leaders have described antibiotic-resistant microorganisms as "nightmare bacteria" that "pose a catastrophic threat" to people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Libya Based on Different Source of Infections

Hosien

Belhaj

Atia

2022

Libyan International Medical University Journal

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In recent years and for decades, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has expanded into a major clinical issue. Infections were no longer a life-threatening issue for clinicians after the discovery of antibiotics. The misuse or overuse of antibiotics, however, contributes to global AMR, and numerous mobile genetic elements and relevant resistant genes worsen the spread of resistance. As antibiotics lose their effectiveness, a growing number of infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea are getting harder and sometimes impossible to treat. Infections that are resistant to antibiotics are correlated with antibiotic misuse. The majority of the antibiotic resistance in microbes is caused by improper use of antibiotics. Because there are a few antibiotics available to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, there is a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Libya has a high burden of antibiotic resistance, and antimicrobial malpractice has frequently been reported. Providing information on the current state of antimicrobial resistance in Libya may assist the health authorities in addressing the problem more effectively in the future. Therefore, this review highlights the current situation of bacterial profile and their antimicrobial resistance in Libya based on the source of infection. Articles related to the topic were searched using databases and search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate websites. These articles were selected if they were conducted in Libya and provided information on bacterial pathogens and AMR. Required data were extracted for the purpose of this review report, and then further verified for identifying the prevalence and number of susceptible and resistant pathogens in each source of infection.

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Microbial Resistance to Antibiotics and Effective Antibiotherapy

Cited by 29 publications

References 312 publications

Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms: using examples from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms: using examples from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Treatment of Central Nervous System Infection Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with Colistin Sulfate Intravenously and Intrathecally: A Case Report

Characteristics of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Libya Based on Different Source of Infections

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