Microbial Proteases: Relevance to the Inflammatory Response

Imamura, Takahisa; Potempa, Jan

doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0157-7_12

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…Bacterial proteases, such as staphopains from S. aureus or streptopain from S. pyogenes , are important virulence factors, since they can potently release kinins from kininogens (Imamura et al 2005; Herwald et al 1996). Proteolytically active ScpA has been found to induce VL in a BK B(2)-receptor-dependent manner in guinea pig skin.…”

Section: Bacterial Proteases In the Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proteolytically active ScpA has been found to induce VL in a BK B(2)-receptor-dependent manner in guinea pig skin. This effect is augmented by SspB, which, by itself, has no VL activity (Imamura et al 2005). The enhancing effect of SspB is attributable to the release of a new kinin that contains an amino terminus that is extended by three amino acid residues.…”

Section: Bacterial Proteases In the Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protease-armed bacteria in the skin

Kozieł

Potempa

2012

Cell Tissue Res

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The skin constitutes a formidable barrier against commensal and pathogenic bacteria, which permanently and transiently colonise the skin, respectively. Commensal and pathogenic species inhabiting skin both express proteases. Whereas proteases secreted by commensals contribute to homeostatic bacterial coexistence on skin, proteases from pathogenic bacteria are used as virulence factors, helping them colonise skin with breached integrity of the epithelial layer. From these initial sites of colonisation, pathogens can disseminate into deeper layers of skin, possibly leading to the spread of infection. Secreted bacterial proteases probably play an important role in this process and in the deterrence of innate defence mechanisms. For example, Staphylococcus aureus proteases are essential for changing the bacterial phenotype from adhesive to invasive by degrading adhesins on the bacterial cell surface. Secreted staphylococcal proteases mediate pathogen penetration by degrading collagen and elastin, essential components of connective tissue in the dermis. The activation of the contact system and kinin generation by Streptococcus pyogenes and S. aureus proteases contributes to an inflammatory reaction manifested by oedema, redness and pain. Kinin-enhanced vascular leakage might help bacteria escape into the circulation thereby causing possible systemic dissemination of the infection. The inflammatory reaction can also be fueled by the activation of protease-activated receptors on keratinocytes. Concomitantly, bacterial proteases are involved in degrading antimicrobial peptides, disarming the complement system and neutrophils and preventing the infiltration of the infected sites with immune cells by inactivation of chemoattractants. Together, this provides protection for colonising and/or invading pathogens from attack by antibacterial forces of the skin.

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Section: Bacterial Proteases In the Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bacterial Proteases In the Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%