Microbial Proteases Applications

Abstract

The use of chemicals around the globe in different industries has increased tremendously, affecting the health of people. The modern world intends to replace these noxious chemicals with environmental friendly products for the betterment of life on the planet. Establishing enzymatic processes in spite of chemical processes has been a prime objective of scientists. Various enzymes, specifically microbial proteases, are the most essentially used in different corporate sectors, such as textile, detergent, leather, feed, waste, and others. Proteases with respect to physiological and commercial roles hold a pivotal position. As they are performing synthetic and degradative functions, proteases are found ubiquitously, such as in plants, animals, and microbes. Among different producers of proteases, Bacillus sp. are mostly commercially exploited microbes for proteases. Proteases are successfully considered as an alternative to chemicals and an eco-friendly indicator for nature or the surroundings. The evolutionary relationship among acidic, neutral, and alkaline proteases has been analyzed based on their protein sequences, but there remains a lack of information that regulates the diversity in their specificity. Researchers are looking for microbial proteases as they can tolerate harsh conditions, ways to prevent autoproteolytic activity, stability in optimum pH, and substrate specificity. The current review focuses on the comparison among different proteases and the current problems faced during production and application at the industrial level. Deciphering these issues would enable us to promote microbial proteases economically and commercially around the world.

AL-PHA beads: bioplastic-based protease biosensors for global health applications

“…Naturally, protease activity assays can support these efforts [103,104]. Protease research is also important to a broad array of global health, bioremediation and industrial applications [39,105]. Therefore, novel strategies for detecting proteolytic activity are desirable.…”

“…Evidently, understanding the activities of proteases can lead to important insights into communicable and non-communicable diseases [34,35]. Indeed, novel protease detection strategies, especially those intended for field use, may be beneficial to many different clinical, biotechnological, environmental and epidemiological global health applications [13,[36][37][38][39].…”

Mechanoenzymatic Transformations in the Absence of Bulk Water: A More Natural Way of Using Enzymes

“…[117] Subtilisin is as erine endopeptidase widely used in detergents and household cleaning products. [118] All tested enzymes remained active during the 2hour ball milling treatment and afforded good yields of the dipeptide 14 a in the benchmark reaction between N-protected l-alanine methyl ester (12)a nd the HCl salt of l-phenylalanine amide (13)i nt he presence of Na 2 CO 3 .T he high efficiency of these reactions reveals that mechanoenzymatic catalysis is not limited to immobilized enzymes. As mall amount of the protease activator lcysteinew as shownt oi ncreaset he activity of papaini np eptide bond formation,a sd id the introduction of hydrates to the reactionm ixture.…”

“…Papain is a cysteine protease exhibiting endopeptidase, amidase and esterase activities . Subtilisin is a serine endopeptidase widely used in detergents and household cleaning products . All tested enzymes remained active during the 2 hour ball milling treatment and afforded good yields of the dipeptide 14 a in the benchmark reaction between N‐protected l ‐alanine methyl ester ( 12 ) and the HCl salt of l ‐phenylalanine amide ( 13 ) in the presence of Na 2 CO 3 .…”

Microbial Ecology from the Himalayan Cryosphere Perspective

“…The cold-adaptive microorganisms are recognized as potential source of cold-active enzymes and bioactive compounds [7]. In the present scenario, the industries are diverting towards green chemistry to use enzyme-based reactions rather than involve chemicals such as in the textile industries [79]. Working with enzymes has several advantages, such as less interference on byproducts, reduced energy consumption with negligible pollution, and no compromise of product quality.…”