Microbial metabolism of dietary components to bioactive metabolites: opportunities for new therapeutic interventions

Abstract

Mass spectrometry- and nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic studies comparing diseased versus healthy individuals have shown that microbial metabolites are often the compounds most markedly altered in the disease state. Recent studies suggest that several of these metabolites that derive from microbial transformation of dietary components have significant effects on physiological processes such as gut and immune homeostasis, energy metabolism, vascular function, and neurological behavior. Here, we review several of the most intriguing diet-dependent metabolites that may impact host physiology and may therefore be appropriate targets for therapeutic interventions, such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, tryptophan and tyrosine derivatives, and oxidized fatty acids. Such interventions will require modulating either bacterial species or the bacterial biosynthetic enzymes required to produce these metabolites, so we briefly describe the current understanding of the bacterial and enzymatic pathways involved in their biosynthesis and summarize their molecular mechanisms of action. We then discuss in more detail the impact of these metabolites on health and disease, and review current strategies to modulate levels of these metabolites to promote human health. We also suggest future studies that are needed to realize the full therapeutic potential of targeting the gut microbiota.

Involvement of a gut–retina axis in protection against dietary glycemia-induced age-related macular degeneration

“…S7B). Microbial cometabolites whose levels are modulated by the abundance of microbiota (39,40), e.g., serotonin, hippurate, trimethylamine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, 3-indoxylsulfate, tyrosine, and tryptophan, were highly enriched among AMDf-associated metabolites (enrichment P = 6.00 × 10…”

Kronik Böbrek Hastalığında Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Diyet Posasının Rolü

“…Triptofanaza sahip bağırsak bakterileri (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium longum, Bacteroides fragilis, Parabacteroides distasonis, Clostridium bartlettii, E.hallii) triptofanı kullanarak indole dönüştürürler ve indol intestinal kanaldan emilerek portal dolaşıma geçer ve karaciğere gelir. Burada vasküler hastalıklarla ve renal disfonksiyonla ilişkili üremik toksin olan indoksil sülfata (IS) dönüştürülürler (36). Tirozin aminoasidinin intestinal mikrobiyota (Clostridium difficile, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium, Subdoligranulum, Lactobacillus) tarafından fermentasyonu sonucu oluşan p-cresol da portal dolaşımla karaciğere gelerek burada sülfatla birleşir ve p-cresol sülfata (PCS) dönüştürülür (37).…”

Palliative Effects of Daonil Supplemented with Tryptophan on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

“…It is a precursor for the neurotransmitters serotonin and melanin [9]. Serotonin (5-HT), is an important neuro transmitter with physiological activity [10]. Tryptophan has a role in physiological (nerve transmission, immune response) and pathological processes (depression, stress, sleep and appetite disorders) [11] and therefore its plasma levels are linked to changes in mood, behaviour, anxiety, sleep, fatigue and appetite suppression [12].…”