Microbial melanin: Recent advances in biosynthesis, extraction, characterization, and applications

Singh, Sanju; Nimse, Satish Balasaheb; Mathew, Doniya Elze; Dhimmar, Asmita; Sahastrabudhe, Harshal; Gajjar, Apexa; Ghadge, Vishal A.; Kumar, Pankaj; Shinde, Pramod B.

doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107773

Cited by 103 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…The chemical structure depends on the species synthesizing the compound or compounds. Melanin can be considered a mixture of several tyrosine derivatives [38]. The elemental analysis indicated that there was no sulfur in its composition, and it was an N-based melanin, a eumelanin.…”

Section: Production and Structural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanin: Production from Cheese Bacteria, Chemical Characterization, and Biological Activities

Ferraz

Pacheco

Vaz

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Pigments are compounds of importance to several industries, for instance, the food industry, where they can be used as additives, color intensifiers, and antioxidants. As the current trend around the world is shifting to the use of eco-friendly commodities, demand for natural dyes is increasing. Melanins are pigments that are produced by several microorganisms. Pseudomonas putida ESACB 191, isolated from goat cheese rind, was described as a brown pigment producer. This strain produces a brown pigment via the synthetic Müeller-Hinton Broth. This brown compound was extracted, purified, analyzed by FTIR and mass spectrometry, and identified as eumelanin. The maximum productivity was 1.57 mg/L/h. The bioactivity of eumelanin was evaluated as the capacity for scavenging free radicals (antioxidant activity), EC50 74.0 ± 0.2 μg/mL, and as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, with IC50 575 ± 4 μg/mL. This bacterial eumelanin did not show cytotoxicity towards A375, HeLa Kyoto, HepG2, or Caco2 cell lines. The effect of melanin on cholesterol absorption and drug interaction was evaluated in order to understand the interaction of melanin present in the cheese rind when ingested by consumers. However, it had no effect either on cholesterol absorption through an intestinal simulated barrier formed by the Caco2 cell line or with the drug ezetimibe.

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Section: Production and Structural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanin: Production from Cheese Bacteria, Chemical Characterization, and Biological Activities

Ferraz

Pacheco

Vaz

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Melanin has gained increased attention in recent years due to its many applications in dermocosmetics [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], dyeing [ 2 , 5 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], environmental remediation [ 5 , 12 , 13 ], materials science [ 6 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], nanotechnology [ 6 ], and biomedicine [ 5 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Significantly, there is increased interest in using melanin in cancer therapy, in which it can function in multiple roles [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Characterization of Fungal DHN and DOPA Melanin Biosynthesis Pathways

Strycker

Han

Bahari

et al. 2021

JoF

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Fungal melanins represent a resource for important breakthroughs in industry and medicine, but the characterization of their composition, synthesis, and structure is not well understood. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the elucidation of molecular composition and structure. In this work, we characterize the Raman spectra of wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans and their melanin biosynthetic mutants and provide a rough “map” of the DHN (A. fumigatus) and DOPA (C. neoformans) melanin biosynthetic pathways. We compare this map to the Raman spectral data of Aspergillus nidulans wild-type and melanin biosynthetic mutants obtained from a previous study. We find that the fully polymerized A. nidulans melanin cannot be classified according to the DOPA pathway; nor can it be solely classified according to the DHN pathway, consistent with mutational analysis and chemical inhibition studies. Our approach points the way forward for an increased understanding of, and methodology for, investigating fungal melanins.

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“…It is widely found in melanin-producing animal cells as well as in bacteria, fungi, and plants. From the black coloration of a human eye, hair, and skin to the black insect epidermis and oxidation-induced discoloration of fruits, melanin occurs in most of the biosphere ( Pralea et al, 2019 ; Singh et al, 2021 ). Melanin has long been an important component of living organisms and cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioprocess of Microbial Melanin Production and Isolation

Choi

2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Melanin is one of the most abundant pigments found in the biosphere. Owing to its high biocompatibility and diverse biological activities, it has been widely applied as a functional biomaterial in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, biopolymer, and environmental fields. In this study, the production of melanin was comprehensively reviewed concerning bioconversion and isolation processes. First, several melanogenic microbes, including fungi and bacteria, were summarized. Melanin production was classified by host and melanin type and was analyzed by titers in g/L in addition to reaction conditions, including pH and temperature. The production was further interpreted using a space-time yields chart, which showed two distinct classifications in productivity, and reaction conditions were analyzed using a pH-temperature-titer chart. Next, the extraction process was summarized by crude and pure melanin preparation procedures, and the extraction yields were highlighted. Finally, the recent applications of melanin were briefly summarized, and prospects for further application and development in industrial applications were suggested.

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Microbial melanin: Recent advances in biosynthesis, extraction, characterization, and applications

Cited by 103 publications

References 177 publications

Melanin: Production from Cheese Bacteria, Chemical Characterization, and Biological Activities

Melanin: Production from Cheese Bacteria, Chemical Characterization, and Biological Activities

Raman Characterization of Fungal DHN and DOPA Melanin Biosynthesis Pathways

Bioprocess of Microbial Melanin Production and Isolation

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