Microbial diversity of bioaerosol inside sports facilities and antibiotic resistance of isolated Staphylococcus spp.

Abstract

In the modern world, healthy habits and physical and mental fitness are more important than ever. A growing number of people participate in sports to improve their overall health. However, the conditions in which people exercise are seldom examined. It is obvious that the air in buildings, including sports facilities, can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, causing infections and allergies. Our study was aimed at assessing microbial air quality inside several sports facilities (fitness room, martial arts room, swimming pool, sports hall, gym) and at a sports field. Another objective was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of isolated Staphylococcus strains. Air samples were collected with MAS-100 sampler, using selective substrates. Antibiotic resistance of mannitol-positive staphylococci was assessed using a disk diffusion method in accordance with EUCAST recommendations. The results indicated large fluctuations in average concentrations of heterotrophic bacteria, ranging from 38 CFU m -3 (swimming pool) to 1036 CFU m -3 (sports hall). Generally, bacteria were more abundant inside the buildings, while fungi in the sports field (658 CFU m -3 on average). In all facilities, airborne fungal communities were dominated by the genus Cladosporium, followed by Penicillium, Fusarium and Acremonium. Alternaria and Aureobasidium constituted only a small percentage of isolated molds. We recorded only low concentrations of mannitol-positive staphylococci (on average ranging from 1 CFU m -3 at the swimming pool and sports field to 9 CFU m -3 in the martial arts room). Of all isolated Staphylococcus strains, 73% were resistant to benzopenicillin, while more than 90% were sensitive to gentamycin, levofloxacin and rifampicin.

Microbiological Air Quality in a Highschool Gym Located in an Urban Area of Southern Poland—Preliminary Research

“…The gym is aired before classes and during breaks when students leave the hall. Following Polish legislation, the ventilation system in each educational building is checked each year and should ensure three to five air changes per hour [12]. In the gymnastic hall, deep wet cleaning was carried out once a day after the occupancy period.…”

“…Previous studies conducted in educational buildings showed that poor microbiological indoor air quality (MIAQ) in classrooms exerts a negative effect on students' learning performance [10]. Poor air quality has been shown to increase absenteeism and increase the risk of asthma and other health-related issues [11,12]. In general, about 1% of school-age children in Poland suffer from chronic respiratory diseases [13].…”

“…Increased physical activity in polluted areas consequently leads to elevated exposure of some pollutants producing adverse health effects [20][21][22]. During exercise, the air is generally inhaled through the mouth and at a higher-than-normal rate, so the intake of airborne contaminants increases, with increased penetration to the lower parts of the lungs [12].…”

Assessment of Airborne Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Shahrekord Hospitals

“…Exposure to these microbials, fragments of plant tissues, and metabolites may result in life health issues [ 1 , 2 ]. Airborne bacteria can be toxic, allergenic, and/or infectious [ 3 ].…”

Microbiological air quality in pharmacies and an antibiotic resistance profile of staphylococci species

“…Microbiological assessment of indoor air quality has become quite common due to the diversity of airborne microorganisms, Air analyses have been conducted in public facilities, workplaces and residential homes, i.e., where people are regularly exposed to microbial contaminants (Augustowska and Dutkiewicz 2006;Brągoszewska and Pastuszka 2018;Brągoszewska et al 2018a, b;Kubera et al 2015;Małecka-Adamowicz et al 2019;Miletto and Lindow 2015).…”