Microbial diversity in the oral cavity of healthy <scp>C</scp>hinese <scp>H</scp>an children

Xin, Bao; Luo, Aidong; Qin, Jian G.; Paster, Bruce J.; Xu, Yuehua; Li, Y L; Yang, Deyu

doi:10.1111/odi.12018

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Crielaard et al (2011) studied the saliva microbiomes of 3-18-year-old children, revealing that maturation of the microbiome is driven by biological changes with age. Xin et al (2013) reported the dental plaque diversity of healthy Chinese Han children aged 6-8 and supported the existence of a "core microbiome". Xu et al (2015) explored the significantly different microbial communities of different niches, and the results were consistent with the results of the HMP (Human Microbiome Project, 2012b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Exploring the oral microflora of preschool children

et al. 2017

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The oral cavity is one of the most important and complicated habitats in our body and supports diverse microbial communities. In this study, we aimed to determine the bacterial diversity and composition of various oral micro-niches. Samples were collected from supragingival plaque, saliva, and tongue coating from 10 preschool children (30 samples total). 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing dataset generated 314,639 clean reads with an average of 10,488 ± 2,787 reads per sample. The phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria were predominant, accounting for more than 90% of the total sequences. We found the highest α diversity, microbial richness, and evenness in plaque, compared with saliva and tongue coating. Plaque was also distinguished from saliva and tongue coating by phylogenetic distances (weighted UniFrac). Taxa with different relative abundances were further identified, confirming the existence of microbial differences across the three niches. Core microbiomes were defined of each niche; however, only a small proportion of operational taxonomic units (8.07%) were shared by the three niches. Coaggregation between Actinomyces spp. and Streptococcus spp. and other correlations among periodontal pathogens, such as Prevotella, Fusobacteria, Capnocytophaga, and Tannerella, were shown by a co-occurrence network. In summary, our study provides a framework of oral microbial communities in the population of preschool children as a baseline for further studies of oral diseases related to microbes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Exploring the oral microflora of preschool children

et al. 2017

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“…Based upon the existing literature that supports that young individuals and adolescents harbor many of the oral microorganisms considered to contribute to periodontitis in adults (12, 19, 20), and generally demonstrate a high prevalence of gingivitis, it is very infrequent that they develop destructive periodontitis (20). This report posits that the lack of progression of chronic inflammation in young individuals to a tissue destructive process that is the hallmark of periodontitis, will be reflected by differential expression of genes in response to the bacterial biofilm challenge that are more tissue protective and help maintain the integrity of the tissues even in the presence of persistent inflammation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is clear that the oral microbiome is acquired early in life and varies among individuals, including in the types of commensal bacteria that are present, as well as in the quality and quantity of proposed opportunistic pathogens that trigger periodontitis later in life (10)(11)(12)(13). There is minimal evidence that these pathogens are acquired exogenously in adults who develop periodontitis; accordingly, research has attempted to focus identification of risk by examining local inciting or environmental factors that would help to trigger the changes in prevalence and composition of bacteria responsible for periodontal disease and identifying genetic polymorphisms that could contribute to dysfunctional responses in the periodontium to the microbial challenge.…”

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confidence: 99%

Immune system transcriptome in gingival tissues of young nonhuman primates

González

Nagarajan

Novak

et al. 2015

J of Periodontal Research

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Young/adolescent humans demonstrate many microorganisms associated with periodontal disease in adults and substantial gingival inflammatory responses. However, younger individuals do not demonstrate the soft and hard tissue destruction that hallmark periodontitis. This study evaluated responses to the oral microbial ecology in gingival tissues from clinically healthy young Macaca mulatta (<3 years old) compared to older animals (5-23 years old). Global transcriptional profiling of four age groups revealed a subset of 159 genes that were differentially expressed at least across one of the age comparisons. Correlation metrics generated a relevance network abstraction of these genes. Partitioning of the relevance network revealed seven distinct communities comprising functionally related genes associated with host inflammatory and immune responses. A group of genes were identified that were selectively increased/decreased or positively/negatively correlated with gingival profiles in the animals. A Principal Components Analysis created metagenes of expression profiles for classifying the 23 animals. The results provide novel system-level insights into gene expression differences in healthy young tissues weighted towards host responses that were associated with anti-inflammatory biomolecules or those linked with T cell regulation of responses. The combination of the regulated microenvironment may help to explain the apparent “resistance” of younger individuals to developing periodontal disease.

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“…However, very few oral microbiome studies in healthy children have been performed so far (Papaioannou et al, 2009; Xin et al, 2013), some including pyrosequencing (Crielaard et al, 2011; Stahringer et al, 2012; Ling et al, 2013; Lif Holgerson et al, 2015). The study design of Crielaard et al differs from ours in that they investigated microbial profiles of saliva collected from caries-diseased Dutch children aged 3–18 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can be illustrated by the example of just 10 published manuscripts dealing with the collection of samples from an intact oral cavity. They report using saline oral wash rinse (Ahn et al, 2011) or unstimulated whole saliva (Xin et al, 2013) for fluid collection; dental explorers (Xin et al, 2013), metal loops (Ling et al, 2010), metal curettes (Papaioannou et al, 2009) and wooden tooth picks (Keijser et al, 2008) for supragingival sampling; or wet and dry swabs and brushes (Aas et al, 2005; Papaioannou et al, 2009; Cortelli et al, 2012) and spatulas (Gohler et al, 2014) for mucosal sampling. Finally, subgingival sampling is currently being performed using either metal curettes (Papaioannou et al, 2009; Abusleme et al, 2013) or paper points (Cortelli et al, 2012; Griffen et al, 2012; Jünemann et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sampling Modification Effects in the Subgingival Microbiome Profile of Healthy Children

et al. 2017

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Background: Oral microbiota are considered major players in the development of periodontal diseases. Thorough knowledge of intact subgingival microbiomes is required to elucidate microbial shifts from health to disease.Aims: This comparative study investigated the subgingival microbiome of healthy children, possible inter- and intra-individual effects of modified sampling, and basic comparability of subgingival microprints.Methods: In five 10-year-old children, biofilm was collected from the upper first premolars and first molars using sterilized, UV-treated paper-points inserted into the subgingival sulcus at eight sites. After supragingival cleaning using an electric toothbrush and water, sampling was performed, firstly, excluding (Mode A) and, secondly, including (Mode B) cleansing with sterile cotton pellets. DNA was extracted from the pooled samples, and primers targeting 16S rRNA hypervariable regions V5 and V6 were used for 454-pyrosequencing. Wilcoxon signed rank test and t-test were applied to compare sampling modes. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and average agglomerative hierarchical clustering were calculated with unweighted UniFrac distance matrices. Sample grouping was tested with permutational MANOVA (Adonis).Results: Data filtering and quality control yielded 67,218 sequences with an average sequence length of 243bp (SD 6.52; range 231–255). Actinobacteria (2.8–24.6%), Bacteroidetes (9.2–25.1%), Proteobacteria (4.9–50.6%), Firmicutes (16.5–57.4%), and Fusobacteria (2.2–17.1%) were the five major phyla found in all samples. Differences in microbial abundances between sampling modes were not evident. High sampling numbers are needed to achieve significance for rare bacterial phyla. Samples taken from one individual using different sampling modes were more similar to each other than to other individuals' samples. PCoA and hierarchical clustering showed a grouping of the paired samples. Permutational MANOVA did not reveal sample grouping by sampling modes (p = 0.914 by R2 = 0.09).Conclusion: A slight modification of sampling mode has minor effects corresponding to a natural variability in the microbiome profiles of healthy children. The inter-individual variability in subgingival microprints is greater than intra-individual differences. Statistical analyses of microbial populations should consider this baseline variability and move beyond mere quantification with input from visual analytics. Comparative results are difficult to summarize as methods for studying huge datasets are still evolving. Advanced approaches are needed for sample size calculations in clinical settings.

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Microbial diversity in the oral cavity of healthy Chinese Han children

Abstract: Although there was interindividual variation in the oral microflora, some bacterial genera were conserved among individuals, supporting the existence of a core microbiome in the oral cavity of healthy Chinese Han children.

Cited by 20 publications

References 25 publications

Exploring the oral microflora of preschool children

Exploring the oral microflora of preschool children

Immune system transcriptome in gingival tissues of young nonhuman primates

Sampling Modification Effects in the Subgingival Microbiome Profile of Healthy Children

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