Microbial control of flies in latrines in Dares Salaam with aBacillus thuringiensis (serotype 1) preparation, Muscabac

Carlberg, Gunnel; Kihamia, C. M.; Minjas, J.N.

doi:10.1007/bf01748152

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“… Musca domestica has been found to breed in high numbers in latrines in some studies in the United States [25,26] but not in others [27]. In several studies on African latrines, as in the present study, Musca domestica does not seem to be a primary species collected in exit traps over drop holes [7,8,28,29]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

Characteristics of Latrines in Central Tanzania and Their Relation to Fly Catches

et al. 2013

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The disposal of human excreta in latrines is an important step in reducing the transmission of diarrhoeal diseases. However, in latrines, flies can access the latrine contents and serve as a mechanical transmitter of diarrhoeal pathogens. Furthermore, the latrine contents can be used as a breeding site for flies, which may further contribute to disease transmission. Latrines do not all produce flies, and there are some which produce only a few, while others can produce thousands. In order to understand the role of the latrine in determining this productivity, a pilot study was conducted, in which fifty latrines were observed in and around Ifakara, Tanzania. The characteristics of the latrine superstructure, use of the latrine, and chemical characteristics of pit latrine contents were compared to the numbers of flies collected in an exit trap placed over the drop hole in the latrine. Absence of a roof was found to have a significant positive association (t=3.17, p=0.003) with the total number of flies collected, and temporary superstructures, particularly as opposed to brick superstructures (z=4.26, p<0.001), and increased total solids in pit latrines (z=2.57, p=0.01) were significantly associated with increased numbers of blowflies leaving the latrine. The number of larvae per gram was significantly associated with the village from which samples were taken, with the largest difference between two villages outside Ifakara (z=2.12, p=0.03). The effect of latrine superstructure (roof, walls) on fly production may indicate that improvements in latrine construction could result in decreases in fly populations in areas where they transmit diarrhoeal pathogens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

Characteristics of Latrines in Central Tanzania and Their Relation to Fly Catches

et al. 2013

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“…The use of inorganic and organic chemicals as larvicides and disinfectants like sodium fluosilicate, borax, paradichlorobenzene (PDB), orthodichlorobenzene (ODB), aldrin, BHC and DDT has been documented [ 17 , 18 , 86 ]. Muscabac, a Bacillus thuringiensis preparation containing exotoxin, was tested and showed reasonably good control of flies in latrines in a tropical environment [ 87 ]. Household surveys have also reported addition of oil, kerosene, ash, soil, and disinfectants to control odour and insects [ 88 – 90 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances

et al. 2015

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BackgroundA pit latrine is the most basic form of improved sanitation which is currently used by a number of people around the globe. In spite of the wide spread use, known successes and advantages associated with pit latrines, they have received little attention in form of research and development. This review focuses on the usage and performance (filling, smell and insect nuisance) of pit latrines in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and proposes approaches for their improvements and sustainability.MethodsCurrent pit latrine usage within urban SSA was calculated from Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) water and sanitation country-files. We conducted a literature search and review of documents on pit latrine usage, filling, smell and insect nuisances in urban areas of SSA. Findings of the review are presented and discussed in this paper.Results and DiscussionPit latrines are in use by more than half the urban population in SSA and especially among low income earners. An additional 36 million people in urban areas of SSA have adopted the pit latrine since 2007. However, their performance is unsatisfactory. Available literature shows that contributions have been made to address shortfalls related to pit latrine use in terms of science and technological innovations. However, further research is still needed.ConclusionAny technology and process management innovations to pit latrines should involve scientifically guided approaches. In addition, development, dissemination and enforcement of minimum pit latrine design standards are important while the importance of hygienic latrines should also be emphasized.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2772-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Bacillus thuringiensis strains producing exotoxins should not be used for the control of caterpillars, beetles, mosquitoes or blackfly larvae, or at least their final commercial products should clearly be free of β‐exotoxin (WHO 1999). Nevertheless, β‐exotoxin preparations (Muscabac ® ; Farmos Group, Ovlunsalo Finland; Bitoxibacillin ® ; Mikrobioprom, Moscow, Russia) have been used effectively to control fly larvae in piggeries, latrine and compost toilets when insects are resistant to chemicals and at insecticidal doses that do not affect vertebrates (Carlberg et al . 1985; Carlberg 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on the detection of beta-exotoxin in Bacillus thuringiensis strains by HPLC analysis

2001

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Aims:The current work aimed to study the presence of b-exotoxin by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in supernatant¯uids from ®nal whole cultures of the 69 type strains and 13 subtypes of Bacillus thuringiensis strains, as well as from some insecticidal strains. Methods and Results:Results from HPLC and bioassays with Ephestia kuhniella (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) were compared. Type I b-exotoxin was only detected in type strains representing serotypes H1, H9 and H10a,10b. Discrepancies between HPLC and bioassays were found in H8a,8b and some insecticidal strains, which suggests the occurrence of another soluble toxin different from type I b-exotoxin, possibly type II b-exotoxin. Conclusions: This study shows the need to use bioassays to determine the presence of bexotoxin activity. However, HPLC is a fast and sensitive technique if only type I b-exotoxin is to be determined. The occurrence of b-exotoxin in a type strain does not imply production of this metabolite by other strains belonging to the same serovar. Signi®cance and Impact of the Study: These results complete the characterization of type strains belonging to

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Microbial control of flies in latrines in Dares Salaam with aBacillus thuringiensis (serotype 1) preparation, Muscabac

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Characteristics of Latrines in Central Tanzania and Their Relation to Fly Catches

Characteristics of Latrines in Central Tanzania and Their Relation to Fly Catches

Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances

Update on the detection of beta-exotoxin in Bacillus thuringiensis strains by HPLC analysis

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