Human health is directly related to the environment and its various components. Healthcare is one sector that witnesses maximum footfalls in terms of patients, thus giving rise to a large scale of microbial waste. These microbial wastes are mostly hazardous and risk polluting the environment and putting public health at stake. Safe disposal of these wastes is a significant concern due to their associated risks. Waste management methods commonly include chemical disinfection, steam sterilization, landfilling, and incineration. These methods pose various risks to human health, possibly attributed to their characteristic property of creating secondary pollutants. Such problems have intrigued researchers to search for better alternatives and advanced techniques. The onset of COVID-19 has jeopardized the waste management system in the healthcare sector, mainly related to hazardous microbial wastes. The current review discusses the impact of microbial waste on public and environmental health. It further discusses the advantages of modern techniques over traditional ones for sustainable management of microbial wastes. Modern techniques still face certain drawbacks, so the authors invite future research activities to work towards making these techniques even better and more sustainable.