Microbial contamination of drinking water from risky tubewells situated in different hydrological regions of Bangladesh

Dey, Nepal C.; Parvez, Mahmood; Dey, Digbijoy; Saha, Ratnajit; Ghose, Lucky; Barua, Milan Kanti; Islam, Akramul; Chowdhury, Mushtaque

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.12.007

Cited by 36 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Therefore, contamination by FC is not completely prevented and occurs throughout the year, worsening in the wet season, as shown by the recorded higher levels of contamination. This increase can be attributed to the facilitated mobility of this type of pollutant by rainwater infiltration and percolation [ 3 , 43 , 44 ], due to the type of soil and water well structure. The proximity of latrines (≤30 m), whose influence has been previously described [ 45 , 46 , 47 ], and the presence of freely wandering domestic animals and the contact of the well bucket, plastic buckets (used to withdraw water from shallow wells) and rope with contaminated soil contribute to the situation [ 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality Assessment of Three Types of Drinking Water Sources in Guinea-Bissau

Bancessi

Catarino

Silva

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The lack of access to safe drinking water causes important health problems, mainly in developing countries. In the West African country Guinea-Bissau, waterborne diseases are recognised by WHO as major infectious diseases. This study analysed the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of drinking water in the capital Bissau and its surroundings. Twenty-two sites belonging to different water sources (piped water, tubewells and shallow wells) were surveyed twice a day for three weeks, in both dry and wet seasons. Most of the microbiological parameters were out of the acceptable ranges in all types of water and both seasons and tended to worsen in the wet season. Moreover, in Bissau, the levels of faecal contamination in piped water increased from the holes to the consumer (tap/fountain). Several physicochemical variables showed values out of the internationally accepted ranges. Both well sources showed low-pH water (4.87–5.59), with high nitrite and iron levels in the wet season and high hexavalent chromium concentration in the dry season. The residual chlorine never reached the minimum recommended level in any of the water sources or seasons, suggesting a high risk of contamination. Results reveal a lack of quality in the three water sources analysed, coherent with the high number of diarrheal cases in the country. There is an urgent need to improve sanitarian conditions to reduce the disease burden caused by these waterborne illnesses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality Assessment of Three Types of Drinking Water Sources in Guinea-Bissau

Bancessi

Catarino

Silva

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Whilst many studies have sought to compare the presence of individual hazards and/or overall sanitary risk scores to faecal indicator bacteria counts, results have often been mixed. Perhaps because of the transient nature of contamination in some water supply systems, some studies have found little or no relationship between observed sanitary risk and faecal indicator bacteria (Luby et al 2008 ; Ercumen et al 2017 ; Parker et al 2010 ; Snoad et al 2017 ), particularly when looking at individual source types (Misati et al 2017 ), whilst others have found stronger relationships (Wright et al 2013 ; Howard et al 2003 ; Dey et al 2017 ). Low reliability in sanitary scores is a possible explanation for the weak relationship that has sometimes been observed between sanitary risk scores and faecal contamination of source water, but as noted above, there are no studies to date examining the reliability of sanitary risk protocols.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of the replicability of a standard and modified sanitary risk protocol for groundwater sources in Greater Accra

Yentumi

Dzodzomenyo

Sashie-Doe

et al. 2019

Environ Monit Assess

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Sanitary risk inspection, the systematic observation of contamination hazards, is often used to manage safety of water sources such as wells and boreholes. However, the replicability of sanitary risk inspections undertaken by different observers has not been studied. This study aimed to assess the replicability of sanitary risk inspections by two different observers in urban and peri-urban neighbourhoods of Greater Accra, Ghana. Two observers independently used a standard protocol to record contamination hazards around 62 groundwater sources, additionally recording urban-specific hazards such as damaged sewage pipes via a modified protocol. We calculated risk scores as the proportion of hazards observed at each source, separately for each observer. Linn’s concordance correlation coefficient indicated very high agreement between the two observers’ risk scores (n = 62; c = 0.949, 95% confidence limits 0.917–0.968). However, risk scores from urban-specific observations were uncorrelated with those from the standard protocol (r = 0.11, p = 0.41 for observer 1; r = 0.16, p = 0.22 for observer 2). Ours is the first study of replicability of sanitary risk observations and suggests high inter-observer agreement. However, urban contamination hazards were not captured using the standard protocol. In the future, assessment of inter-observer agreement and observations of urban-specific hazards could be incorporated into nationwide or regional sanitary risk surveys.

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“…Poor sanitation conditions could be one of the major causes of microbial contaminations in shallow depth aquifers. Biological pollutant load (Coliform Bacteria) at PoS could be attributed to storage of HH's waste, contaminated stagnant water, and latrine pit being situated at a shorter distance from PoS (<10 m) (Dey et al, 2017b). Agricultural runoff and ground storage of high organic content matter could be responsible for pathogenic content at PoS (Khanna et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These steps include installation of safe TW; near water bodies need to be protected from water pollution; keeping safe distance (>10 m) between water sources and contamination sources (pit latrine); periodical and long term monitoring periods of drinking water sources need to be implemented; hygiene behavior needs to be taught and practiced, as well as practicing using safe drinking water sources; and a sufficient water treatment plan needs to be established, etc. (Rahman et al, 2000;Bhattacharya et al, 2011;Cronin et al, 2017;Dey et al, 2017b). However, in terms of the Water Safety Planning (e.g., WHO, 2009) approach, appropriate strategies, and effective and socially accepted frameworks for water resources management, are also necessary for communities to reduce the risk of contamination of water (Flanagan et al, 2012;Cronin et al, 2017;Bhattacharjee et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several actions have already been taken to provide access to safe drinking water in As contaminated areas of Bangladesh through the installation of tube wells (TWs) at targeted deeper depth aquifer (von Brömssen et al, 2006). Most of the tube wells are classified as deep tube well (DTW) because their depth typically goes beyond 150 m. TW water has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of diarrheal diseases and subsequent mortality in Bangladesh, because it provides access to water with a lower concentration of As (Dey et al, 2017b). TW water has achieved remarkable success in the supply of safe drinking water (Hossain et al, 2015), even though in many areas, people are still using As contaminated well water for drinking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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