Microbial Contamination of Bedding Material: One Health in Poultry Production

Abstract

In poultry farms, the mixture of bedding material, chicken excrement, and feathers seems to play an important role in pathogen development which may contribute to a potential risk of zoonosis, spreading the disease through the food chain. The purpose of this study was to analyze microbial contamination in bedding material and other matrices as well as potential antimicrobial resistances in chicken production facilities, and also to identify the sampling techniques and assays used. This study evidences the available data published, following the PRISMA methodology. Among the environmental samples, surface swabs were frequently used as a passive sampling technique. Morphological identification was performed in all studies. From all the matrices, the bedding material was the most contaminated. Most studies focused on bacterial contamination, with Salmonella sp. and Campylobacter sp. being commonly reported and three studies evidenced fungal contamination, being Penicillium sp.- and Aspergillus sp.-dominant. Mycotoxin assessment was only performed in one study, being identified in all bedding samples. The screening for bacteria resistance evidenced bacteria multidrug resistance; however, fungal susceptibility to azoles was not assessed in any of the analyzed studies. Briefly, this review evidences the microbial contamination in poultry facilities, emphasizing animals’ bedding as a potential source of contamination. Additionally, this study contributes to a sampling and analysis protocol proposal to assess the microbial contamination in this setting. Additionally, the knowledge gaps identified highlight the need of further research regarding microbial contamination and toxicological potential on animals’ bedding in order to mitigate the exposure in poultry pavilions.

Effects of exposing Japanese quail eggs to a low dose of gamma radiation and in ovo feeding by two sources of trace elements on embryonic development activities

“…Additionally, montmorillonite with a zinc and copper complex enhanced the expression of peptide growth factors and cytokine genes in weaned rabbits due to its properties as an ion exchange adsorbent and catalyst functions ( Elokil et al, 2019 ). In intensive poultry farming, diet ingredients, a mixture of bedding material, chicken excrement, and feathers seem to play an important role in pathogen development ( Gomes et al, 2022 ; Mgbeahuruike et al, 2023 ).…”

Hazards Associated with the Combined Application of Fungicides and Poultry Litter in Agricultural Areas

“…This intensification in poultry production, which often involves large flocks confined in automated systems, gives rise to concerns regarding parasitic infections and zoonotic diseases due to the densely populated living conditions for birds. One notable aspect discussed is the management of poultry litter, which comprises feces, waste, and bedding materials, and its importance in maintaining bird health and crop quality when used as organic soil fertilizer [ 3 ].…”

“…However, poultry litter can contain pathogens and contaminants, including resistant microorganisms, veterinary drugs, and potential toxic elements. This leads to concerns regarding its safety when used as an organic fertilizer, especially in developing countries with limited data [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Effective reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler chickens using the UPWr_S134 phage cocktail

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