Microbial biomass C and N, and respiratory activity in soil of repeatedly limed and N-and P-fertilized Norway spruce stands

Smolander, Aino; Kurka, Anne-Marie; Kitunen, Veikko; Mälkönen, Eino

doi:10.1016/0038-0717(94)90109-0

Cited by 174 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…For instance, Bengtsson and Bergwall (2000) found that long-term fertilized (30 years) root-free Norway spruce forest soils (O horizon) immobilized less of 15 N-labeled NH 4 + and NO 3 − relative to unfertilized control soils, confirming the results in Smolander et al (1994) and Priha and Smolander (1995) that microbial N in the humus layer decreased by 17 % in N-fertilized plots relative to the controls. In the N-saturated plots (fertilization at a rate of 140 kg N ha −1 year −1 for at least 10 years) of an acidic beech forest, both NH 4 + immobilization rates (organic layer) and NO 3 − immobilization rates (organic and 0-5 cm soil)…”

Section: General Characteristics Of Exogenous N-addition-induced Modisupporting

confidence: 53%

“…However, there is usually a reduction in the amounts and rates of microbial N immobilization in forest soils under high N deposition and fertilizer input conditions (Bengtsson and Bergwall 2000;Corre et al 2003Corre et al , 2007Priha and Smolander 1995;Smolander et al 1994). For instance, Bengtsson and Bergwall (2000) found that long-term fertilized (30 years) root-free Norway spruce forest soils (O horizon) immobilized less of 15 N-labeled NH 4 + and NO 3 − relative to unfertilized control soils, confirming the results in Smolander et al (1994) and Priha and Smolander (1995) that microbial N in the humus layer decreased by 17 % in N-fertilized plots relative to the controls.…”

Section: General Characteristics Of Exogenous N-addition-induced Modimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased N mineralization and decreased N immobilization may be in favor of soil N enrichment from various types of fertilized forest ecosystems, including temperate forests (Bengtsson and Bergwall 2000;Gundersen and Rasmussen 1995;Smolander et al 1994), boreal forests (Gao et al 2013), and subtropical forests (Fang et al 2004). In addition, it is likely that increased heterotrophic nitrification may mitigate the negative effects of decreased autotrophic nitrification on net NO 3 − accumulation in fertilized forest soils that are acidic.…”

Section: N Enrichment In Forest Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of nitrogen deposition and fertilization on N transformations in forest soils: a review

et al. 2015

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Purpose Understanding how process-specific nitrogen (N) transformations in natural forest soils are modified by N deposition and fertilization is critically important to gain mechanistic insights on the links between global N deposition and N enrichment and loss in forest soils. Materials and methods Here we identify the general characteristics and the main mechanisms of N deposition-and fertilization-induced modifications in multiple N transformations, including N immobilization, N mineralization, nitrification (autotrophic nitrification and heterotrophic nitrification), and denitrification, in forest soils by literature survey. Results and discussion Overall, N status, soil C/N ratios, C availability, and soil pH are key factors separately and/or interactively affecting the effects of N deposition and fertilization on forest soil N transformations. In the N-limited stage, N deposition and fertilization can act as a stimulator of N mineralization by removing microbial N limitation and reducing the C/N ratios of the substrate being decomposed. In the Nunlimited stage, N added to forest ecosystems can retard N mineralization, which may primarily be a result of decreased microbial activity due to soil acidification and low C availability. The changes in N mineralization may drive a corresponding change in N immobilization, autotrophic nitrification, and denitrification. Despite the fact that ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) has a higher affinity than ammonia-oxidizers (AOB) for low-concentration ammonia (NH 3 ), low NH 3 availability may still limit the rate of ammonia oxidation (autotrophic nitrification) in acidic forest soils even in the case of high NH 4 + input. Heterotrophic nitrification, however, may be favored if soil C/N ratios and pH decrease with N deposition and fertilization. The responses of denitrification and N 2 O emission to N deposition and fertilization in forests may be nonlinear, with a trend of stimulation in the short term but a decline over time, partly because soil pH has a contrast effect on denitrification capacity and N 2 O emission. Conclusions There are various effects of N deposition and fertilization on forest soil N transformations; thus, their responses to N deposition are still not well characterized and understood. N deposition-and fertilization-induced modifications in soil N transformations have important implications for N enrichment, N loss, and soil acidification in forest ecosystems. In the future, more research is required to investigate on dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) process and link microbial community characteristics and functions of microbial extracellular enzymes with these rate processes in forest soils to narrow the uncertainty in evaluating and predicting ecosystem responses to global N deposition.

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Section: General Characteristics Of Exogenous N-addition-induced Modisupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: General Characteristics Of Exogenous N-addition-induced Modimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: N Enrichment In Forest Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of nitrogen deposition and fertilization on N transformations in forest soils: a review

et al. 2015

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“…For example, addition of N to soil in conifer stands led to increased soil ergosterol content. This was interpreted as implying increase in fungal biomass (Smo$ lander et al, 1994), although ergosterol content is not an infallible index of biomass (Bolton, 1993 ;Bermingham, Maltby & Cooke, 1995). Similarly, addition of ammonium nitrate to forest soil led to an increase in fungal biomass (determined by direct microscopy) (Entry & Backman, 1995).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental and morphological responses of mycelial systems of Stropharia caerulea and Phanerochaete velutina to soil nutrient enrichment

Donnelly

Boddy

1998

New Phytologist

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Patterns produced by foraging mycelial systems of decomposer fungi might be the visual evidence of strategies for obtaining differently distributed carbon sources. Mycelial systems might also be responsive to unevenly distributed mineral nutrients in the soil. The nature of the mycelial response might differ between species inhabiting eutrophicated disturbed sites, such as Stropharia caerulea (Kriesel), and inhabitants of more typical woodland soils, such as Phanerochaete velutina DC. : (Pers.) Parmasto. We examined the effect of enrichment of soil by addition of different concentrations of N, P and potassium on inoculum decay rate and on extension rate, biomass production and fractal dimension (determined by image analysis) of extra-resource mycelia of S. caerulea and P. velutina extending from wood blocks across compacted non-sterile soil in trays.S. caerulea was more responsive than P. velutina to both type and quantity of soil nutrient enrichment. P. velutina grew more rapidly, produced more biomass and decayed inocula more rapidly than S. caerulea under most conditions, rates of growth and resource decay of the former remaining stable over a range of soil nutrient enrichments. In contrast, morphology of S. caerulea altered on enriched soils compared to controls with greater and more pronounced fanning (divergence of separate hyphae) of the foraging mycelial front. These changes were reflected in fractal values. Extension rate and biomass production of S. caerulea was less than controls on Namended soil, but greater on P-amended soils, with the greatest biomass produced on 0n13-0n27 mg P g −" air-dried soil. Decay rate of inocula was often positively related with mycelial production rates. These responses indicate extra-resource mycelium of S. caerulea is able to respond rapidly to a range of soil nutrient enrichments, and this is discussed in terms of the different foraging strategies exhibited by the two fungi.

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“…In the incubation experiments, C mineralization was evaluated with a gas chromatograph as CO 2 -C production at 14°C and 60% WHC (Smolander et al 1994). CO 2 was measured 24 h after aeration, twice during the 1-2 wk after the incubation began.…”

Section: Soil Sampling and Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil N and C transformations in two forest clear-cuts during three years after mounding and inverting

Smolander¹,

Heiskanen²

2007

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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Smolander, A. and Heiskanen, J. 2007. Soil N and C transformations in two forest clear-cuts during three years after mounding and inverting. Can. J. Soil Sci. 87: 251-258. Transformations of nitrogen and carbon in the humus layer were studied in central Finland on two clear-cut forest sites for 3 yr after spot mounding and inverting together with an untreated control. In laboratory-incubation experiments, samples from the humus layer were measured for rates of C mineralization, net N mineralization and net nitrification, and the amounts of C and N in the microbial biomass were determined. Soil solutions were collected for 4 yr with suction lysimeters. Overall, site preparation did not affect the rate of net N mineralization significantly (per kg organic matter). In the first growing season, however, the mean rate of net N mineralization was higher in both site preparation treatments than in the untreated control. At first, net nitrification was negligible in all treatments, but in the second year it increased in both site preparation treatments. On the other site, C mineralization was lowest with inverting, but the amounts of microbial C and N were highest. This indicates a shortage of easily mineralizable C sources in inverted spots. In the soil solution collected below the humus layer, increased concentrations of NO 3 -N and total N were found in both site-preparation treatments but, during the fourth year, overall concentrations of N had declined. Pendant trois ans, les auteurs ont étudié la conversion de l'azote et du carbone dans l'humus de deux sites forestiers du centre de la Finlande coupés à blanc après bombement et inversion du sol à certains endroits. L'expérience portait aussi sur un site témoin non aménagé. Des échantillons de la couche d'humus ont été incubés en laboratoire ce qui a permis de déterminer le taux de minéralisation du C, la minéralisation nette du N, la nitrification du N ainsi que la quantité de C et de N dans la biomasse unicellulaire. Les auteurs ont prélevé des solutions de sol avec un lysimètre à succion quatre années durant. Dans l'ensemble, l'aménagement du site n'affecte pas le taux de minéralisation nette du N de manière significative (par kg de matière organique). Lors de la première saison végétative cependant, le taux de minéralisation nette du N était plus élevé aux endroits aménagés qu'au site laissé en l'état. La nitrification nette aux deux sites aménagés était négligeable au départ mais elle s'est accrue la deuxième année. Parallèlement, si la minéralisation du C était plus faible là où le sol avait été retourné, la quantité de C et de N dans la biomasse unicellulaire y était plus élevée. On en déduit que l'inversion du sol entraîne une pénurie de C facilement minéralisable. Dans la solution du sol recueilli sous la couche d'humus, les auteurs ont relevé une hausse de la concentration de N-NO 3 et de N total pour les deux sites aménagés suivie par une baisse de la concentration globale de N la quatrième année.

show abstract

Microbial biomass C and N, and respiratory activity in soil of repeatedly limed and N-and P-fertilized Norway spruce stands

Cited by 174 publications

References 30 publications

Effects of nitrogen deposition and fertilization on N transformations in forest soils: a review

Effects of nitrogen deposition and fertilization on N transformations in forest soils: a review

Developmental and morphological responses of mycelial systems of Stropharia caerulea and Phanerochaete velutina to soil nutrient enrichment

Soil N and C transformations in two forest clear-cuts during three years after mounding and inverting

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