Microbial Arsenal of Antiviral Defenses – Part I

Musharova, Olga; Severinov, Konstantin

doi:10.1134/s0006297921030081

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 220 publications

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“…Some of the most successful phage defense systems however, do not protect the individual infected cell, but rather act on a population level. This is the case for all abortive infection systems that lead to host cell lysis before the phage particles have successfully replicated (33, 34). We now describe a novel phage protection system that acts on the population level and exerts its function after phage replication and assembly has been completed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bacterial dynamin-like protein confers a novel phage resistance strategy on the population level in Bacillus subtilis

Guo

Sattler

Graumann

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Bacillus subtilis DynA is a member of the dynamin superfamily, involved in membrane remodeling processes. DynA was shown to catalyze full membrane fusion and it plays a role in membrane surveillance against antibiotics. We show here that DynA also provides a novel resistance mechanism against phage infection. Cells lacking DynA are efficiently lysed after phage infection and virus replication. DynA does not prevent phage infection and replication in individual cells, but significantly delays host cell lysis, thereby slowing down the release of phage progeny from the host cells. During the process, DynA forms large, almost immobile clusters on the cell membrane that seem to support membrane integrity. Single molecule tracking revealed a shift of freely diffusive molecules within the cytosol towards extended, confined motion at the cell membrane following phage induction. Thus, the bacterial dynamins are the first anti-phage system reported to delay host cell lysis and the last line of defense of a multilayered antiviral defense. DynA is therefore providing protective effects on the population, but not on single cell level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bacterial dynamin-like protein confers a novel phage resistance strategy on the population level in Bacillus subtilis

Guo

Sattler

Graumann

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…CRISPR-Cas and RM systems are functionally coupled. They can target specific sequences on the invading phages [58]. Moreover, the type II TA system was found by a toxic protein and its cognate antitoxin protein (Fig.…”

Section: Virus-endosymbiont Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Insights Into Chemosynthetic Symbiosis in a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Mussel

Zhang

Xiao

Sun

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background Symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria has allowed many invertebrates to flourish in ‘extreme’ deep-sea chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, such as hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Bathymodioline mussels are considered as models of deep-sea animal-bacteria symbiosis, but the diversity of molecular mechanisms governing host-symbiont interactions remains understudied owing to the lack of hologenomes. In this study, we adopted a total hologenome approach in sequencing the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus marisindicus and the endosymbiont genomes combined with a transcriptomic and proteomic approach that explore the mechanisms of symbiosis. Results Here, we provide the first coupled mussel-endosymbiont genome assembly. Comparative genome analysis revealed that both Bathymodiolus marisindicus and its endosymbiont reshape their genomes through the expansion of gene families, likely due to chemosymbiotic adaptation. Functional differentiation of host immune-related genes and attributes of symbiont self-protection that likely facilitate the establishment of endosymbiosis. Hologenomic analyses offer new evidence that metabolic complementarity between the host and endosymbionts enables the host to compensate for its inability to synthesize some essential nutrients, and two pathways (digestion of symbionts and molecular leakage of symbionts) that can supply the host with symbiontderived nutrients. Results also showed that bacteriocin and abundant toxins of symbiont may contribute to the defense of the B. marisindicus holobiont. Moreover, an exceptionally large number of anti-virus systems were identified in the B. marisindicus symbiont, which likely work synergistically to efficiently protect their hosts from phage infection, indicating virus-bacteria interactions in intracellular environments of a deepsea vent mussel. Conclusions Our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of symbiosis enabling deep-sea mussels to successfully colonize the special hydrothermal vent habitats.

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“…Ecologic interactions with phage play a major role in host colonization by prokaryotes [ 1 , 2 ]. Prokaryote defenses against phages are of particular interest [ 3 , 4 ], particularly as therapeutic uses are contemplated [ 5 ]. Microbiome and metagenome studies have led to a renaissance in the study of phage-host interaction [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reassembling a cannon in the DNA defense arsenal: Genetics of StySA, a BREX phage exclusion system in Salmonella lab strains

et al. 2022

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Understanding mechanisms that shape horizontal exchange in prokaryotes is a key problem in biology. A major limit on DNA entry is imposed by restriction-modification (RM) processes that depend on the pattern of DNA modification at host-specified sites. In classical RM, endonucleolytic DNA cleavage follows detection of unprotected sites on entering DNA. Recent investigation has uncovered BREX (BacteRiophage EXclusion) systems. These RM-like activities employ host protection by DNA modification, but immediate replication arrest occurs without evident of nuclease action on unmodified phage DNA. Here we show that the historical stySA RM locus of Salmonella enterica sv Typhimurium is a variant BREX system. A laboratory strain disabled for both the restriction and methylation activity of StySA nevertheless has wild type sequence in brxX, the modification gene homolog. Instead, flanking genes pglZ and brxC each carry multiple mutations (μ) in their C-terminal domains. We further investigate this system in situ, replacing the mutated pglZμ and brxCμ genes with the WT counterpart. PglZ-WT supports methylation in the presence of either BrxCμ or BrxC-WT but not in the presence of a deletion/insertion allele, ΔbrxC::cat. Restriction requires both BrxC-WT and PglZ-WT, implicating the BrxC C-terminus specifically in restriction activity. These results suggests that while BrxC, PglZ and BrxX are principal components of the BREX modification activity, BrxL is required for restriction only. Furthermore, we show that a partial disruption of brxL disrupts transcription globally.

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Microbial Arsenal of Antiviral Defenses – Part I

Cited by 35 publications

References 220 publications

A bacterial dynamin-like protein confers a novel phage resistance strategy on the population level in Bacillus subtilis

A bacterial dynamin-like protein confers a novel phage resistance strategy on the population level in Bacillus subtilis

Genomic Insights Into Chemosynthetic Symbiosis in a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Mussel

Reassembling a cannon in the DNA defense arsenal: Genetics of StySA, a BREX phage exclusion system in Salmonella lab strains

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