Microbial and Immunological Responses Relative to High-Altitude Exposure in Mountaineers

Kleessen, Brigitta; Schroedl, Wieland; Stueck, Marcus; Richter, Andreas; Rieck, Olaf; Krueger, Monika

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000174888.22930.e0

Cited by 74 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Changes in body composition result from hypoxia-related suppression of muscle protein synthesis results in WL [17, 20]. Hypoxia-induced intestinal dysfunction contributes to WL especially above 5500 m, and the reason was suggested to be changes in the intestinal flora due to hypoxia [17, 23]. …”

Section: Skeletal Muscle and Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of High Altitude on Sleep and Respiratory System and Theirs Adaptations

San

Polat

Cingi

et al. 2013

The Scientific World Journal

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High-altitude (HA) environments have adverse effects on the normal functioning body of people accustomed to living at low altitudes because of the change in barometric pressure which causes decrease in the amount of oxygen leading to hypobaric hypoxia. Sustained exposure to hypoxia has adverse effects on body weight, muscle structure and exercise capacity, mental functioning, and sleep quality. The most important step of acclimatization is the hyperventilation which is achieved by hypoxic ventilatory response of the peripheral chemoreceptors. Hyperventilation results in increase in arterial carbondioxide concentration. Altitude also affects sleep and cardiac output, which is the other determinant of oxygen delivery. Upon initial exposure to HA, the resting pulse rate increases rapidly, but with acclimatization, heart rate and cardiac output tend to fall. Another important component that leads to decrease in cardiac output is the reduction in the stroke volume with acclimatization. During sleep at HA, the levels of CO2 in the blood can drop very low and this can switch off the drive to breathe. Only after the body senses a further drop in O2 levels breathing is started again. Periodic breathing is thought to result from instability in the control system through the hypoxic drive or the response to CO2.

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Section: Skeletal Muscle and Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of High Altitude on Sleep and Respiratory System and Theirs Adaptations

San

Polat

Cingi

et al. 2013

The Scientific World Journal

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“…Most data reported in the literature on the effects of hypoxia on the human immune system were generated from field studies conducted in high-altitude mountain environments (Chouker et al, 2005;Kleessen et al, 2005;Krupina et al, 1974Krupina et al, , 1977Mirrakhimov et al, 1989;Thake et al, 2004;Tiollier et al, 2005). Chronic high-altitude exposure alters the immunological status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes persisted for as long as five months (Mirrakhimov et al, 1989). In addition, high-altitude exposure is often associated with inflammation and increased risk of infection (Kleessen et al, 2005). A recent study showed also the cumulative negative effect of physical exercise and hypoxia on salivary immunoglobulin A levels during an 18-day "living high-training low" protocol (Tiollier et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, aeronautical regulations specify that the cabin altitude cannot exceed 8,000 ft during civil flights (Federal Aeronautical Administration and Joint Airworthiness Authorities) and 12,000 ft during military flights (NATO Standardization Agency). Although considerable data exist about the effects of chronic exposure to high altitude on the immune system during mountaineering (Chouker et al, 2005;Kleessen et al, 2005;Krupina et al, 1974Krupina et al, , 1977Mirrakhimov et al, 1989;Thake et al, 2004;Tiollier et al, 2005), no previous study seems to have explored the effects of prolonged mild hypoxia on the circadian rhythms of immune system during a simulated long-duration flight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Immune Circadian System in Prolonged Mild Hypoxia during Simulated Flights

Coste

Beers

Bogdan

et al. 2007

Chronobiology International

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An impairment of immunity is reported after long-haul flights, and the mild hypobaric hypoxia caused by pressurization in the passenger airline cabin may contribute to it. In this controlled crossover study, the effects of two levels of hypoxia, equivalent to 8000 and 12,000 feet above sea level, on the rhythm of CD3, CD4, and CD8 lymphocytes and plasma concentrations of the immunoglobulins A, G, and M were assessed. Fourteen healthy male volunteers, aged 23 to 39 years, spent 8.5 h in a hypobaric chamber (08:00 to 16:30 h), simulating an altitude condition at 8,000 feet. This was followed by an additional 8.5 h study four weeks later simulating altitude conditions at 12,000 feet. The variables were assayed every 2 h over two 24 h cycles (control and hypoxic-exposure cycles). No significant effect of hypoxia on the studied circadian immune profiles were found. Therefore, the authors conclude that mild hypobaric hypoxia does not seem to be responsible for any quantitative changes during long-haul flights in the immune assays commonly used in routine clinical medicine practice.

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“…When fecal bacterial population groups and serum responses in seven mountaineers on a 47-day expedition to the Himalaya were examined, there was distinct alteration in the microfl ora above 5,000 m [ 75 ]. Bifi dobacteria and species belonging to the Atopobium , Coriobacterium , and Eggerthella lenta group decreased, whereas potentially pathogenic bacteria of the γ-subdivision of Proteobacteria and specifi c Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli increased.…”

Section: Short-term Visitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%