Microbial and Geochemical Investigation down to 2000 m Deep Triassic Rock (Meuse/Haute Marne, France)

Abstract

In 2008, as part of a feasibility study for radioactive waste disposal in deep geological formations, the French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (ANDRA) drilled several boreholes in the transposition zone in order to define the potential variations in the properties of the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone formation. This consisted of a rare opportunity to investigate the deep continental biosphere that is still poorly known. Four rock cores, from 1709, 1804, 1865, and 1935 m below land surface, were collected from Lower and Middle Triassic formations in the Paris Basin (France) to investigate their microbial and geochemical composition. Rock leachates showed high salinities ranging from 100 to 365 g·L −1 NaCl, current temperatures averaging 65 • C, no detectable organic matter, and very fine porosity. Microbial composition was studied using a dual cultural and molecular approach. While the broad-spectrum cultural media that was used to activate microbial communities was unsuccessful, the genetic investigation of the dominant 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed eight bacterial genera considered as truly indigenous to the Triassic cores. Retrieved taxa were affiliated to aerobic and facultative anaerobic taxon, mostly unknown to grow in very saline media, except for one taxon related to Halomonas. They included Firmicutes and α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria members that are known from many subsurface environments and deep terrestrial and marine ecosystems. As suggested by geochemical analyses of rocks and rock leachates, part of the indigenous bacterial community may originate from a cold paleo-recharge of the Trias aquifer with water originating from ice melting. Thus, retrieved DNA would be fossil DNA. As previously put forward to explain the lack of evidence of microbial life in deep sandstone, another hypothesis is a possible paleo-sterilisation that is based on the poly-extremophilic character of the confined Triassic sandstones, which present high salinity and temperature.

Microbial diversity of drilling fluids from 3000 m deep Koyna pilot borehole provides insights into the deep biosphere of continental earth crust

“…There is a reasonable chance that the extremophilic microbial population belonging to Cyclobacteriaceae and Rhodobacteriaceaeae might have become enriched in the DFs sampled at lower depths due to the extreme conditions (Zhang et al, 2006;Kumar et al, 2012). Alternatively, it could also be concluded that they might be part of the deep subsurface microbiome (Russell et al, 2016;Hubalek et al, 2016;Leboulanger et al, 2017). Subsequently the relative abundance of some of the microbial families, known to strive in strictly anaerobic and extremophilic environments (e.g.…”